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AO1a Choosing and describing applications

The hardware and software available to me and that I have used in this application are-

Operating System

Windows 000 Professional

Hardware Software

Processor- Celeron- 1.1GHz Word Processor- Microsoft Word 000

Hard Disk- 0Gb Spreadsheet- Microsoft Excel 000

Ram- 18MB Database- Microsoft Access 000

CD Rom- 5x Graphics Editing- Microsoft Photo Editor .01 & Microsoft Paint 000

Floppy Disk- 1/ inch 1.44MB Desk Top Publishing- Microsoft Publisher 000

Web Creation/Design- Microsoft Front Page 000

The different hardware and software I could have used could be-

Different Hardware Different Software

A newer operating system e.g. Windows XP Professional, as it has been made user friendly (easier to use) and has a better overall layout compared to previous Windows operating systems. All the software that had been selected and that had been used for this application was adequate for the desired application, the only improvements really needed would be to purchase and use the newest editions of the same software.

A better processor could have been used e.g. Pentium 4- .1GHz, would benefit due to a quicker operating speed.

Higher capacity hard disk e.g. 80Gb+, to store higher amounts of data on the computer.

A portable saving device could be used instead of a floppy disk e.g. memory stick- 18MB, as floppy disks can be easily damaged and cant hold lots of data. A memory stick is also a transferable source of memory so it can be used on other computer to access the saved data.

Overall the hardware and software I have used is adequate enough as a minim system requirement, this provides a lower overall cost of the accounts package and equipment needed to produce the payslips.

AO1b Using hardware

I will choose a mouse to help input data and help me scroll around the screen, I will use a (QWERTY) keyboard to input data into the merge field, all the payslips and anything else it is needed for. I will need a base unit containing a hard drive and a floppy disk drive so that I can save my data. I will need a printer to produce all the payslips needed and letters or letterheads. I will also need a barcode reader to read all the sales of the items. I could also use a scanner to scan in the logo on to the payslip and anything else needed.

Input Device Function

Scanner The function of the scanner would be to scan in the logo once I had finished it and I could also scan in data into the computer.

QWERTY keyboard I will need this to input all the data into the merge field about the employees. And I will input the data about the payslip using that.

Barcode reader I will need this to read the price of the item of clothing sold and the name of the item sold. This would be a future function of the company, as it would not be needed at the moment.

Mouse The function of this would be to point and select anything on the screen

Scanner The function of the scanner would be to scan in the logo once I had finished it and I could also scan in data into the computer.

The advantages of using a barcode reader is that once all the data is programmed in, it is then quick and easy to use but if mistakes are made they could cost you money. Instead of a barcode reader you could just use a till and type in the price marked on a label .A barcode reader is a method of stock control. The advantages of using a mouse is that it is a quick and easy method to scroll around the screen but the wire could get tangled up, instead of using a normal mouse I could use a cordless mouse because it wouldn't get caught on obstacles. The advantages of using a QWERTY keyboard are that it is cheap to buy and this is the main type of keyboard so it is easy to use because you are used to it, an alternative I could use is a concept keyboard. The advantage of using a scanner is that it is quick and easy to use and are quite cheap to buy. An alternative to a scanner would be a keyboard to type the data in.

The advantages of a base unit are that it is quick and easy to use and can store a lot of data. Instead of a base unit I could store data on a magnetic tape. The advantages of using a floppy disk are that they are cheap and are easy to store data on but a disadvantage is that they can't store much data, an alternative would be a re-writable CD or a memory stick.

I have chosen an inkjet printer because it has better quality printouts and is cheaper to buy than a laser printer. An alternative printer I could use is a laser printer, which would be quicker but is more expensive. Inkjet printer meets the task because it can print colour for the logo.

AO1c Using software

I will use a spreadsheet (Microsoft Excel 000) to store my main source of data as it will be easy to use for the mail merge application that is to be used for the actual payslip production. This is a particularly good program because various types and amounts of data can be saved under each employees account.

I will use a word processor (Microsoft Word 000) to create the payslips in by using the mail merge tool. This program is especially good for this use because of its ability to use various style of font, colours of font, size of font and ability to change various aspects of a word document by its large array of controls.

I will use a graphics editing program (Microsoft Photo Editor .01 & Microsoft Paint 000) these two programs are to be used in conjunction with each other Microsoft Paint is to be used in the designing section of the company logo and using Microsoft Photo Editor to edit and change the visualisations of the logo before it is to be placed into the payslip.

Program Advantage Disadvantage

Microsoft Excel Can hold lots of data, various types of data, can be used to calculate sums for the payslips and be used for the data source for the mail merge application. Can take long time to input all of the required data, formulas for sums need to be learnt and entered correctly for it to work.

Microsoft Word Perfect for text to be edited in such as letters, stories or other forms of documentation. Vast amount of information, text and images can be put into one document but could have to much memory to save onto a floppy disk.

Microsoft Photo Editor Good photo editing program for adapting and editing pictures, photos, etc. Complicated tools and hard to use if not familiarised with this type of program.

Microsoft Paint An easy to use drawing program for creating almost anything. Lack of drawing tools available to use, basic type of drawing program.

AO1d Inputting data

This is all the information I had been given for the data side of the payslip, it was-

• Their name

• Job Title

• Hours Worked

• Rate Per Hour

• Piece Work Rate

• Garments Produced

• Gross Pay

• Income Tax

• National Insurance

• Net Pay

The data was given to me in a word document, for ease of archiving, data changing, data entry and processing it was necessary to put the data into a spreadsheet, for this application I used Microsoft Excel as it is a common and easy to use form of spreadsheet/database. The data is then put into the mail merge document with the payslip in and the payslip can then be formed.

AO1e System output

My methods of out put are - An ink jet printer for normal letters, a special printer for the payslips. Two different types of output are an inkjet printer and a laser printer.

Advantages/ Disadvantages Inkjet Printer Laser Printer

Advantages They produce a good quality print, and are relatively quite cheap to buy compared to laser printers. Laser printers can print around 8 pages per minute, they are very high quality and running costs are lower than inkjet printers.

Disadvantages They are slower than laser printer and more expensive to run. They are very expensive compared to a colour inkjet printer.

I think that inkjet printers are better for Future Fashions than laser printers because they are cheaper than laser printers to buy and it would be almost as good quality for cheaper price but if the company had the money then I would get a colour laser printer because they print a lot quicker than inkjet printers.

The inkjet printer would meet the needs of Future fashions because it can print out payslips and letters which will be needed to be sent out to all employees. This would be slower than a laser printer that could be a problem because we would be printing most of the time. The people who will be reading this will be the employees because they will get the payslips.

AOa Analysis

Test Model Use a Suitable Program Design Logo for Company

Font Size Colour

Text Style

Layout of Model

Choice of Hardware & Software

1. Test Model- test the payslip to see if the mail merge works, show this by using screen grabs.

. Use a Suitable Program- use familiar, easy to use programs that the client will be able to use.

. Design Logo for Company- produce a stylish logo constructed to the clients specification fit for the payslip.

4. Font Size- should use an appropriate size font that is clear and easy to understand.

5. Colour- will use an appropriate colour font that is clear and easy to understand.

6. Text Style- must use an appropriate style font that is clear and easy to understand.

7. Layout of Model- the layout of the payslip should be a sensible one that is not too crowded or hard to understand and be built to clients specifications.

8. Choice of Hardware & Software- the hardware and software to be used should be appropriate and capable to perform the desired tasks.

Below is a questionnaire that I have produced to make the payslip exactly to the client's specifications and how they would actually like all the final details.

If using - Windows® 000 professional

• Intel® Pentium® 1MHz or higher processor

• 64MB of RAM

• 18MB of available hard disk space

• CD-ROM or DVD-ROM drive

If using - Windows® XP professional

• Intel® Pentium® MHz or higher processor

• 18MB of RAM

• 0MB of available hard disk space

• CD-ROM or DVD-ROM drive

Name Position

Name Second

Position

Hours worked Garments produced

Hours_worked

Garments_produced

Gross pay Income tax National Insurance Net Pay

£Gross_Pay

£Income_Tax

£National_Insurance

£Net_Pay

AOb Design, Implementation, Testing

Test Expected Result Actual Result

The user will enter too many characters in a validated cell. Error messages will pop-up to tell the user what they have done wrong. See printout (part 1)

Test to see weather formulas in cells work properly. Enter simple numbers to check weather the formula works and then the result should be correct. See printout (part )

To see if the mail merge system will work. Take two screen grabs of the payslip, one before the mail merge has taken place and one after. See printout (part a) & (part b)

Cell F is set to format numbers to currency and too two decimal places. The numbers inserted show £ sign and display the figures as a currency value. See printout (part 4)

Lesson Content Comment

1 Logo research Looking at various styles and designs of other company's logos to advertise their business.

Designing logo Designing my own logo for "Future Fashions" using some of the styles and characteristics of the others I have researched.

Produce questionnaire A suitable and acceptable questionnaire should be produced to cater for all the clients needs.

4 Design payslips Produce some designs that the client can choose the best one from.

5

6

7

8

10

11

1

1

14

15

AOc Evaluation, Application and Effects

If I did not have a computer I would have found this difficult but I think that I would have still been able to complete the task, if I was to create a payslip with the company's employee's data on then I would use paper, a pen and a calculator, I would have done this by first writing down all the employees details such as the first name, last name, address, postcode and National Insurance number. Then I would write down the pay per hour and the hours that the employee had worked. I would also write down the garments produced and the Rate per garment. After this I would multiply the pay per hour and the hours worked together then multiply the Garments produced by the Rate per garment then add the two totals together this would give me the Gross pay. Then to deduct the tax I would multiply the Gross pay by 0.5, I multiply the gross pay by 0.5 because the tax is 5%. This will give me the amount, which the employee will have to pay on tax. After I have done this I would need to work out the National Insurance earnings, which I would do by multiplying the gross pay by 0.05 because the National Insurance earnings is 5%. After that I would take the N.I earnings and the Tax away from the Gross pay this will leave the net pay.

I would then have to draw each payslip out with all the employees' data on it.

If I did not have a computer it would be more difficult because I would have to write out all the data for each employee, where as if I was using the computer then this would all be done aromatically using mail merge. It would take a very long time to write by hand the entire employee's data on to sheets of paper, using IT is a lot easier.

Using my system to produce the payslips each week, or month would be a easier because it is faster and a lot more accurate, there is less to go wrong if I use the system, if I do it manually then I could easily write down a wrong number and end up paying the employee more or less then they should be getting. It would be effective to use the system as I can change the fonts and the sizes and underlining curtain things, I can even create a unique logo, which will hopefully impress the client.

If there were new staff at the company this would not affect them this is because the system that I have made is so easy to use that very little training would be required, if not any. If there was a not computer literate person who had to use the system then they would only need to learn some small things such as how to change the data in the data source, to do this all they would have to do is change what they need to change then highlight all the cells and save the file again, being sure to overwrite the file.

I am happy with the use of ICT in my solution because I have made the system so easy to use and anyone would be able to use it. I don't think I could have made the solution any easier but I think I could have added some more information on to the payslip things such as, Pension and holiday/Sick pay. Everything that is on my payslip needs to be there, there is not anything, which I have put in to fill a gap. It is all necessary.

AOd Documentation

My system is quite easy to use once the basic steps are followed and trained how to use the system. Here are instructions to use my system.

Firstly are the system requirements, these have to be available for the stem to be able to run, if they are not the system wont run. The system requirements are as follows-

If using - Windows® 000 professional If using - Windows® XP professional

• Intel® Pentium® 1MHz or higher processor • Intel® Pentium® MHz or higher processor

• 64MB of RAM • 18MB of RAM

• 18MB of available hard disk space • 0MB of available hard disk space

• CD-ROM or DVD-ROM drive • CD-ROM or DVD-ROM drive

Instructions on how to use system

How to install the system

1. Insert the Accounts Package CD into the CD-ROM drive. (If the CD does not run automatically Go to START BUTTON, and click RUN and type D/SETUP)

. In the Accounts Package window, click install Accounts Package, then click next.

. In the licence agreement window, click yes to accept the licence agreement. (If you decline, you can not continue the installation).

4. Click next to confirm owners name and company name.

5. Select a folder into which you want to install Accounts Package, then click next.

6. Check or uncheck the check boxes to place shortcuts for Accounts Package on your computers desktop, and then click next.

7. Click next again to confirm installation settings and for the install to take place.

8. Register your product. (If you don't want to register now you can do this at a later date).

. Click yes to view the readme.txt file.

Close the readme.txt file when you're finished reading it.

When setup is complete, you are prompted to restart your computer.

10. Click yes, I want to restart my computer now, and then click finish.

Your computer now starts with the selected options active.

To view 'How to use the system' view the next sheet which gives instructions on how to do this.

AO

The benefits of using IT in this context are

• Ease of use to enter data for individual employees- no need to re-write a new payslip if it was done by hand

• Data can be changed- without needing to recalculate results for pay, hours worked or other relevant information

• Payslip is always saved on computer- loss of actual payslip can be replaced easily

• Neater way to present the payslip- can be tatty looking and unprofessional if done by hand or other form of production

• Quicker to use mail merge- less hassle to produce multiple payslips when few pieces of data needed to be changed.

The benefits of using mail merge are that it is easier and simpler to use for the application of a wage slip production package, due to the ability of the function to allow various amounts of data to input for a number of different people the information can be sorted to fill in a payslip for the whole group of employees. Any of the employee's details can be accessed and used at the click of one button whilst using the mail merge tool, so there only needs to be one version of the payslip made and the employees details can be interchanged and printed off one at a time.

This is particularly good because it saves time, as if you had to write out all the payslips by hand it would be hard work, slow and laborious with a less neat outcome to the payslips. This would also have been done with a typewriter before computers had been used for this application, but using a computer has benefits in many ways but the main ones not listed above are -

Large footprint areas before computers had been used, computers have provided less use of room for office and business use, and for this mail merge application only one computer need to be used, instead of lots of people to type up them all. The data can also be saved to the computer itself whilst having an automatic save programmed into the program every five minutes just in case of sudden power failure, for further safety all information can be saved on to a floppy disk or a portable memory stick as well as the hard disk located in the computer itself.

Very few people need training to use this system, as it is simple and straight forward to use. Only one person is needed to operate this system and need only basic it skills such as typing, knowledge of how to use a spreadsheet and a word processor, how to save documentation and use the computer in general.

The bad points of using a system like this is that the initial cost of the computer and software itself as well as the accounts package, the disuse of people who originally may have been employed to write or type out the payslips will no longer be needed, which is another disadvantage of having this system.

AO4

Almost all places of work nowadays use ICT in someway, form or application. if ICT was not used information would be written down and stored in large, space consuming folders. This would make extra work for the person who has to make backup files because without a computer they all would have to be written up again and exactly the same by hand. This would be almost impossible to do in a neat fashion, without making mistakes and deterioration of the handwriting (the deterioration of the handwriting part would not apply if it was typed up on a type writer). Therefore using a computer for that reason alone in a place of work is definitely needed.

Computers are complex pieces of technology; to use a computer needs great skill and training is almost certainly required to use them properly. This time taken to train an employee or manager will not go to waste as it has given them a new benefit in being able to use a computer for various tasks and applications that will or may be needed.

If a company was to use ICT in their business it would most importantly save them time to produce documentation for mass distribution and give an overall neater and professional outcome to the work produced. It would also save the business money not having to employ lots of people especially to write up or type (on a typewriter) the documentation that needs to be produced, this could be done by one person meaning you may only need to employ one person per business to do all the computer work need for that specific business. Having a computer in a business will also save space in the workplace as there would be no need to keep files full of writing and information as it will all be stored on the computers hard disk. If this is not enough protection over the data and information saved on the computer it can be saved on an external source of memory as well for extra safety on a Floppy Disk, CD-ROM or a Memory Stick, as well as extra safety over data it can be used to load or save the same information onto another computer anywhere else.

Jobs may have to be changed by, having more intense training for use with ICT, shorter working hours due to the safety factor of working with ICT, or if working hours are for long periods of time regular breaks for a certain time must be enforced. This may result in new laws, working standards and employee rights being made part of the law, as not following the health and safety side of ICT can seriously damage a persons health, safety, mental health and physical health

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The Common Cold

Most of us already know what a common cold is. And I can almost guarantee that all of us has had one before. For those of you who don't know. Here is an explanation. A common cold is a viral infection of the upper respiratory tract. It is highly contagious. The symptom of a common cold are nasal congestion and discharge, sore throat, coughing, and fatigue. These symptoms are also ones associated with asthma and hay fever. This is why some people are uncertain on what they have. When you have a cold, you could have either one or many of these symptoms. Usually, the symptoms do not include fever. If a fever is the case it is probably only a mild one. Symptoms should go away within 7 days. Some other diseases may be caused by the cold that you have, such as bronchitis, pneumonia, and sinus or middle-ear infections. In this essay I will go over common myths, causes of the cold, things you can do to prevent the cold and help make yourself better.

Is There A True Cure?

There may never be a cure for the common cure for the common cold. Research has been done and shows that there are several strains of each type of virus. Infection with one strain allows only brief immunity to reinvention by the same strain and does not give immunity to the other strains. Therefore and preventive drug has not been found. Antibiotics kill bacteria and not viruses. The Common Cold is caused by a virus and therefore is not effected by Antibiotics. In the early 150's, various companies that produced antihistamine claimed to be effective in the prevention of colds. These claims were doubted and made into myths. The best helpful factor that effects the cold seems to be rest.

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Common Myths and Facts

The common cold was once thought to have been caused by getting cold. Getting cold or wet will not give you cold. Only a virus can cause a cold or flu. However, if you are very cold it can lower your resistance to viruses that you come in contact with and weaken your bodies defenses, making you more open to infection. Cooling the skin and nose may cause sneezing and this may be why we link being chilly and colds. Another myth that people tend to believe is that you can't catch a cold during summer. You can, however, it is less likely due to the fact that you spend more time outside and less time indoors where the virus can roam easily. Recent studies have shown that kissing may not spread the disease. But discharges at close range that fly when you sneeze and cough are more likely to cause you to catch a cold from someone else. Good news to everybody. Did you know that blowing your nose frequently can cause more harm then good? Using excessive force when blowing can cause your nose to be more stuffed and may cause your sinuses to become infected. It can also damage the eardrums and cause your nose to bleed.

Symptoms

The human body causes cold symptoms. The instance you are infected with a cold virus, your capillaries swell to bring more blood to your nose, because blood is what gets the B and T cells to your nose. Symptoms are usually not serious. They may include, sore throat, tickly throat, hacking cough, blocked sinuses, runny nose, stuffed nose, sneezing, mild fatigue and mild fever. These in turn are not serious, however they can cause complications with the extremely young and elderly. The actual first symptom is kind of strange. The first symptom of a rhino viral infection is feeling of well-being, a high. The cause is the immune system boosting it's resources at the chemical signals that an infection is coming.

The science of sinus is complicated. Nobody likes having a stuffed nose. The passage between the sinus and the nose is called the ostia. It is only mm in diameter! The human body produces approximately one liter of mucus every singe day. A stuffed nose is caused when your ostia becomes swollen and traps mucus so it cannot run away. That is why it feels stuffed and ready to explode. Sinus pain is caused by the mucus being built of to capacity. The cough is probably the most irritating compared to the stuffed nose.

When you first catch the cold, the virus effects the inner lining of the throat. In order to "scratch" the tickling that the virus causes, the cough is a reflex action in the victim's throat. Coughing causes a contraction of the muscles at the front of the abdomen, which puts pressure on your abs. This is why your abdominal muscles may be sore after excessive coughing. The air that is forced through your mouth is hurled at about 70 miles an hour and is filled with the virus that infects the throat. The viruses find new surfaces to stay such as hands, knobs, tables, and food.

Sneezing is an involuntary spasm caused by the irritation but the purpose is to release through the nose mucus or snot droplets which fly out of your nose and mouth at 100 mph. The air in the lungs is allowed to be released upwards, violently aimed at the back of the nose. The extreme pressure forces millions of mucus viruses out of the nose and mouth to relieve the irritation.

Solutions

Going to the doctor will not do anything for you. He will just tell you what you have already heard or should know about what to do. All you can do is go out and buy medicine that will only alleviate the symptoms temporarily and but not cure it. Other home remedies have been said to help to expediate the process of getting rid of the virus but no scientific proof has been shown. Such remedies include Vitamin C, Chicken Noodle Soup, and Camameil Tea. Here are some other home remedies to help you get rid of your cold (no scientific proof that these will help); Gargle with warm salt water if you have a sore throat. Drink 8 ounces of hot liquid every two hours. Cold liquids only add to the congestion. If you can, buy a humidifier, viruses thrive in cool, dry environments. This is why your immune system overflows your nose with warm liquids known as mucus. Use a cool cloth to control the discomfort of fever. Inhale warm vapors to ease the congestion of your nasal passage. Elevate your head at night while you sleep to keep your head clear. Cough as much as you can to produce phlegm. You must give yourself time to rest so your body can fight the virus. That is the only way to help it. A good nutritional diet is also helpful. A good diet will help keep your body healthy and ready to fight the invading virus. Obviously, a good diet promotes well being. You should eat 5 servings of fresh fruit and vegetables. Three square meals a day containing a balanced food triangle. Be sure to avoid processed foods or foods with infused chemical additives or toxins that can hurt the body. Organic foods contains vitamins A, C, E and B complex, Zink and Iron, all of these nutrients help strengthen the immune system. Your bodies immune system is your only defense. The reinforcement that the RNA and DNA provide will not arrive for three to five days. After this time the immune system should have finally found an antibody cure. The Immune System protects against infection and viral invasion. It is composed of white blood cells, called B and T cells. The B cells are the ones that produce antibodies. The antibodies produce proteins which neutralize both viral strains and bacteria strains as well. The T cells decide what tactics the system will take to destroy the virus. Now, you will never have that particular strain of the common cold for the rest of your life.

Here is a list that you can refer to when wondering what to eat.

KIWI FRUIT

High in Vitamin C - also gets rid of toxic free radicals.

PEACHES

Good source of Beta carotene, Selenium and Vitamin C.

PEARS

Fiber, Folic Acid and Vitamin C.

CABBAGE

Stimulates the immune system.

CRESS

Eliminates mucus, contains Iron and Vitamin C.

LETTUCE

Romaine or Cos. Contains Vitamins A and C.

ONIONS

Thins blood, eases bronchial conditions.

ZINC

Zinc is responsible for the production and function of immune system cells and tests have proved that low levels of Zinc in the body results in weaker immune response. Zinc is found in seafood and whole meal bread.

(list provided by www.commoncold.co.uk/)

In conclusion, The Common Cold is not enjoyed by everyone. Yet it is very common among our society. Keep your body healthy by eating well and exercising so your immune system will not get run down. Remember that there is no cure and there might not ever be one. The only thing you can do is fight through the symptoms and try not it let effect your everyday life. I hope this essay has hoped you to better understand The Common Cold and how to fight it.

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If you order your cheap custom paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on My Observations Regarding The Organizational Climate of My Company. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality My Observations Regarding The Organizational Climate of My Company paper right on time.

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Abstract

A healthy organizational climate is vital for any organization. Good communications, a strong culture, efficient conflict resolution, and state-of-the-art technology all add to that climate. As I have observed my company and how well it succeeds, there is no doubt that it is all supported by its climate. This all results in a good company and a great place to work.

My Observations Regarding The

Organizational Climate of My Company

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The corporate climate of any organization is vital for its survival. It sets the tone for the workplace that can either promote or hinder productivity and creativity. It is based on the corporate culture which is defined by John Schermerhorn, James Hunt, and Richard Osborn (00) as "the system of shared actions, values, and beliefs that develops within an organization and guides the behavior of its members" (p. 4). In the last six years in my company, I have observed how management establishes and maintains the current climate and how it relates to their success. By looking at key areas, communication, culture, conflict, and technology, it is obvious to me why my company is as successful as it is.

Communication

Internal communication is well executed at my company. We have many different ways that information is passed down to its employees. My organization has a weekly newsletter that is emailed throughout the company that provides information about what is currently happening in the organization. There is also a quarterly bulletin that is mailed to all associates. It gives information on specific past events and the success if highlighted departments. Our CEO also distributes periodic memos relating to specific company issues, on how they affect the company, and provides a resolution , if necessary. Information sharing also filters down to individual departments, where management keeps workers informed on departmental issues and invites feedback. This influences the corporate climate to be open and without secrets. Employees generally feel more comfortable and satisfied in the workplace.

Culture

In regards to my organization's culture, its values statement (date unknown) defines it as, "integrity, professionalism, a genuine sense of pride in our work ethic, mutual respect and a commitment to our social mission are the qualities that make us special." Each department strives to do their individual best and management helps by empowering individuals to learn and grow. There is a generous tuition reimbursement program currently being offered to help employees reach their full potential. This aids the corporate climate by making workers feel valued. This results in higher company loyalty and greater productivity.

Conflict

I have observed that conflict is readily dealt with in my organization. Since our culture stresses teamwork, employees are more ready to deal with conflict as it arises. Management is well trained to help out when needed, and our human resources department has many effective, fair policies on how to deal with conflict. The corporate climate is tempered with understanding that issues will be resolved fairly. This increases the comfort level within the workplace and opens up creativity, without the fear of prolonged discord.

Technology

In the six years that I have been in my organization, I have found its use of technology to constantly increase. The company currently has the most advanced computer systems as well as the most sophisticated programs for tracking customer calls. They utilize email, paperless faxing, automated scheduling, voicemail Internet, and many other mediums. This shows that my organization has the tools necessary to perform business in a competitive marketplace. It adds to the corporate climate because it shows the company's strength. Workers feel that the organization is utilizing everything it can to be successful. It feels good to be on a winning team.

Conclusion

It is my observation that a large part of my company's success lies in the way it constantly gears the corporate climate toward motivating and valuing the workforce. This relates in high productivity and good work satisfaction, which benefits both the worker and the business. For an organization to compete successfully today, employees need to be placed first. Human resources are any company's most valued resources.

References

Schermerhorn, J. R., Hunt, J. G., & Osborn, R. N. (00). Organizational Behavior, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Values statement (date unknown) at Independence Blue Cross.

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Fairytale

Narrator Once upon a time, there was a magical place of kings, knights, dragons, and gnomes. And in this place 4 little gnomes had a plan (to become rich) to steal the dragons gold underwear.

Un tiempo, en un lugar con majica con reyes, valientes, dragones, y gnomes avia 4 pequeno gnomes que tenian una plan, para ser se ricos, a robar las trucas de el dragon.

Gnome 1 we'll just sneak in while the dragon is sleeping and take his gold.

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Vamos a meternos cuando esta dormido y sacamos el oro.

Gnome but what if he wakes up?

Pero si se dispierta.

Gnome 1 we will use this fairy dust to put him to sleep for a very long time.

Gnome o.k. let's do it tomorrow night.

Narrator The next evening the gnomes searched through the caves to find the dragon. They found him and sprinkled the fairy dust on his nose and searched for the golden underwear. Just then the dragon sneezes, and the fairy dust flew out of his nose….

La sigiente tarde los gnomes buscaban en la cuevas por el dragon. Lo encontradon y le echaron polvo para que se duerma y buscaron las trucas de oro. Des puse el dragon estronude?? Y el polvo vola de la naris.

Gnome 1 Oh No, he's going to wake up.

Oh No!!! Se va a diespetar.

Gnome I found the golden underwear!

Encontre las trucas de oro.

Gnome 1 lets go, Run!

A correr!!!!

Narrator As the gnomes are fleeing the cave, the dragon eats them whole. The next day the dragon is very sick and is spitting fire, destroying the kingdom.

Cuando los gnomes se van de la cueva el dragon se come los gnomes. El sigente dia el dragon se pone malo y escupe lumpre, y esta destujendo el pais.

King Our kingdom is being destroyed by this dragon.

El Dragon esta destruyendo nuestro lugar.

Knight I will kill the dragon for you (my king)

Yo mato el dragon para ti

King I will reward you handsomely

Te doy todo lo que quieras.

Narrator So the knight rides to kill the dragon, and there is a fierce battle. But in the end the Knight kills the dragon by cutting its stomach, and the gnomes fall out the with the golden underwear with them.

El Valiente camina para matar el dragon, y hay una feroza batala. Pero en ultimo el valiente mata el dragon. Corto el estomago, y los gnomes se caien con los trucas de oro.

Knight What where you doing in there?

Que estabas hacienda hay a dentro.

Gnome 1 we are gnomes that stole from the dragon.

Semos gnomes que robamos de el dragon.

Narrator suddenly the mother dragon appears and is saddened seeing her dead baby dragon on the ground. Angry, she destroys everyone in the kingdom.

Llega the mama de el dragon y se pone triste viendo su bebe muerto en el piso. Enojada mata y destroye todo.

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This extract is taken from page 14 paragraph one, and ends at page 15 the line before "Blue sky!"

In this passage from "Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance" the tones of energetic and questionable convey Phaedrus' knack for knowledge and the ability to solve the uncertain. He is persistent on finding the relationship between mind, matter and quality, the three things the world is composed off. While approaching the solution to this mind-boggling question, Phaedrus strives for the answer in an energetic manner.

Pirsig's diction covey's the thoughts running in Phaedrus' head in that short span of time, and his decisiveness and quick judgment in reaching the solution. Since Phaedrus was unsure of the relationship between the three elements, he "put it on a mental shelf" and Zen doesn't know "how much thought passed before" he came to a conclusion. This shows that Phaedrus' is a very organized person, in thought and in physical terms, and puts his thoughts in order to help solve a problem. The reader also knows, Phaedrus' is a very stubborn and insistent person, who will seek the truth no matter what stands in front of him. Phaedrus "deduced" and understood that quality is the "cause for subject and object." This shows that Phaedrus is a very systematic person who construes the answer of a multiple-choice question step by step. The word choice used by Pirsig makes the reader understand clearly what Phaedrus feels inside and his flow of thoughts.

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The detail of Pirsig's writing shows great enthusiasm for the quest of knowledge, and how a man ponders at an uncertain thought. "Although there's no logical objection to a metaphysical trinity, a three-headed reality, such trinities are not common or popular." This detailed comment shows the reader that logic and the acceptance of new ideas is the key to being successful to solving a thesis. "The sun of quality…. does not revolve around the subjects and objects", but instead quality has "created it" they are a "sub-ordinate to them!" This shows the readers again, how important quality is to Phaedrus and how excited he is to come to this point of thought. As seen detail is a major factor in the writing of Zen, because of its complex train of thoughts, detail is needed to be clear.

This extract is in the point of view of Phaedrus, a very optimistic and hopeful view on the solution. Phaedrus "knew he had reached some kind of culmination of thought he had been unconsciously striving for over a long period of time." This example is said by the narrator's point of view, but shows how optimistic Phaedrus is and how trying he is for the answer. The point of view of this passage is from the narrator's aspect, as clearly visible to the reader, on the events happening.

The organization of this extract is helpful to show the readers, where the story is heading. The beginning is about what Phaedrus was troubled by, and how he is trying to tackle this cumbersome question. The introduction shows the reader that Phaedrus should not find the answer to his question in a few weeks, while its been attempted at by worldly philosophers, but this is a segway into what will happen. Pirsig opens the passage this way to hint to his readers what is happening and what is about to happen. Pirsig chooses to explain Phaedrus' each thought in the middle, to make the fascination of his reader's increase and feel that they are inside Phaedrus' head. Pirsig chooses to end the passage in a energetic and completeness feeling, to show the climax of Phaedrus and what he does to show his accomplishments. The organization of this passage shows a clear example of Pirsig's ingenious ways of getting his readers into the story.

In this extract Pirsig's style of writing is precise and his words are to the meaning, to prevent sauntering off. Pirsig's "metaphysical" thoughts and "one's manifestation" of logic is helpful at a time like this. He uses numerous scientific words to show his readers how Phaedrus' mind works, in a scientifical method. When Phaedrus is slowly reaching the definition of quality, Pirsig starts to use one liner words. This is effective, because it builds a momentum of Phaedrus' thoughts, and it shows how fast he is thinking and eliminating. At the end Pirsig uses italics to show what Phaedrus was doing wrong. This shows that Phaedrus was evaluating his own misconceptions, and realizes the fact.

In conclusion to this essay and to the end of the passage, it has been an accomplishment defining the relationship between subject, object and quality. This event helps Phaedrus to face the coming events in the novel and tackle them. This has been an "electrifying" passage to read, full of excitement, strenuous thoughts and admiration of Phaedrus.

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Through out the whole world we see many different types of economic problems. That is how people are being categorized in many different countries all around the world. It is necessary for people to have a saying no matter what type of economic place they have. We are all part of the human world and are considered to be made by god and should have equal opportunities. Now a days we have very good reports on how pretty much the economic situation goes in many countries. This is thanks to the researches that people have made for many years. Now it is time that we allow people with poor economic status to be heard in every way anyone else is being heard. It is important that we allow this people to speak, because the play a part of our every day lives in the whole world. A team of researchers went out in different countries and gave this people the opportunity to speak their minds out. Although it was not an easy task they overcame any obstacle that came in their way. They allowed people with low voice in their say to talk and now that they are part of the world. These new study groups wanted to research 0 countries which they only expected 15 to come out effective. The results were that they got up to different countries around the world to speak their mind out. The researchers did not have an easy job all through out the journey they had to work from 14-15 hours per day with a different person. They had moreless find out themselves and take a look at what poor people went through in a daily basis.

At the beginning it was not easy because researchers had to gather groups of people to attend meeting that they made. They used many different methods that sometimes helped them with their research. For many of the researchers it was difficult enough to get use to their tasks. Attendance was a problem that they had to deal with at the beginning. They would give little treats to the people to see if they would actually get interested in attending. Since many of these people had economic problems they could just not afford to attend. People would say that it would take time away from money that they could be making for their lives. A big problem laid in that people did not believe that the researchers were actually doing well in helping them. They were also having a hard time that if they attended classes they would not want to speak or say what they actually had in mind. As a part of this cycle researchers had to hear true life stories from people that actually went through the problems that they once heard were happening. It was difficult because some people did have very sad stories to tell that were or did happen to the sometime. For example, not having money to buy medicine for their family members that were dying was one of the ways that people suffered all their life. There is actually two types of the way a person lives it is by having a good or bad life. In one side researchers took the good life and did many reports on it. Too many people that were being researched having a good life meant basically having god, love and above all peace in their families. Many people had different ideas what living the good life was about. To some it meant having something to take into their mouths every day. Other different people had other expectations of what living a good life was about. Some taught that health was living a good life. Many people cared a lot about their health. They taught that by eating right and having a healthy body it was enough for their lives. To some having self respect dignity and peace keeped many people happy. In other words many people learned to live with what they had in life. Having dignity meant staying in peace with their inner taught like their heart. Materially, enough for good life is not enough. Many of the people in different countries all agreed that having a stable home was enough. Dealing with having dignity many people did not ask for much luxury just as long as they had the basic needs. They just wanted enough material to keep them wealthy. People were also wealthy in just having enough food, good assets, and enough work to make them live a stable life. Security also plays a role in a well being life. Being secure form the law, environment and above all where you life also refers to living a nice life. Basically on and all it really depends on the persons attitude towards the way that they live. Different people in many countries let their origins and the type of person you are effect the way they live.

On the other hand researchers found out the hard lives that many poor people had to go through and what they taught were the most important things that had to be fixed. Material lack and many other things were a main source that all of these people did not have. They had to go through every day that went by just waiting to survive another day. A major cause that was happening was the lack of milk in many mothers to breast feed newborns. Many people with low resources did not have the strength to actually have milk come out of their bodies. For this reason they found out that many like kids were dying. This was a major problem because if we all know that kids are our future. Another problem dealing with kids was that they did not receive an education. The need for these kids to attend school was very high. Not having a good life also reflected on the social status that these people had. Many of these people had to overcome exclusion, rejection, isolation, and loneliness. It brought any fears and lack of confidence in a person's life. Many people had the same opinion about how they felt towards what type of person they were. They ended saying mainly the same thing that they all felt humiliation and shame to what they were in life. Some people in many countries also shared with the researchers the type of priorities that they had in life. As a major priority many people taught that work was very important. As people let live go by they realize that they are never getting anywhere. One of the solutions that these people did was trying to migrate to another place in search of better opportunities. The whole deal of being poor is that you are never going to get the attention that you deserve. Not even from the government, people, or the world. We all know that no matter what poor people e job every day keeps on getting worse and worse. Many poor people suffer because they say that they are not getting the attention that they need as citizens of a country. Talking specific they meant by their government. As a fact they say that they don't pay attention to them. That it is always the rich people that are above them. They also say that the government is suppose to be for all the citizens in the country not only for the rich and the ones that have a saying. One of the ways that government does not support poor people is that they do not help them in their problems. Poor people die evry day of the lack of medicine to get cured. The cause of this is because they either have bad health problems that they can not cure or they just can not go to the hospital to get cured. On the other hand we also have the not giving the right for poor people to have a say in their opinions about the country. The government pretends as if they are helping poor people so they can look good in public but, the truth is that they are not. They ask for donations when they know themselves that they end up keeping the money for them. Also we come in encounter with the way people in local institutions treat people with less resource. They never have either time to listen to them or they just blow them off.

Governments let people down in so many ways with out fulfilling the promises that they make to them. People say that it is hard to participate in something that involves profit. Many poor people what they do is go pawn something that they have and pay the money lenders then later after a month they have to borrow from moneylenders to pay to the pawnshops. In many other ways is the government not supporting the poor people in all of their needs.

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What we should all understand is that we are all human beings and that no matter what economic position we have we are all part of this world. Poor people as well as rich people are a gift of god just the fact that they have different status in life. It was about time that we had a good research on how many countries have the same problems with poor people. We got to show many poor people that they are part of or country and that they are being heard.

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Ch. 1 Problem Question

In this paper I research and analyze the way in which Regionalization affects/influences the role of the criminal economy in Latin America. I therefore aim to identify the correlation (if any) between the new form of regionalism (linked with liberalization) within the Latin American region and shifts in the criminal economy within this same region.

The current problem question includes several "vague" terms that have to be brought into perspective before continuing, as this will no doubt cause much room for discussion in interpreting the analysis. The term regionalization here is understood as going beyond the classical integration theories and including social, political and cultural dimensions as well as the conventional economic features. The newly defined phenomenon no longer covers mere geographical territory but convergence between states and regions in general as well . Under this definition the role of the United States (among other countries) in Latin America can also be included seeing as they too influence regional policies as a whole with their bilateral and multilateral agreements. The second term that needs clarification is the term criminal economy. For the purpose of this paper, I will focus mainly on the role of the narcotics industry within the criminal economy, as this is believed to be the most influential in the region. The third and final word that needs further elaboration is the use of words Latin America. For the benefit of simplification I will focus on a case study, namely that of Bolivia, as it represents one of the core countries involved in both neo liberal regional cooperation (that is MERCOSUR) as well as a key participant in the cultivation and production of narcotics within the region. These terms will be explained in more detail throughout the paper.

This paper therefore aims to link the newly defined phenomenon of regionalization with trends in the narcotics industry in Bolivia. The correlation or relation (if any is identified) between these two variables will prove to be of great importance in identifying the consequences of developments in current policies on the criminal economy and hence determine their success.

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1.1 Specification of the Problem

The main aim of this paper is thus, as identified above, to identify (if possible) the correlation between the neoliberal regionalization of Latin America (taking Bolivia as a case study) and trends in the criminal economy (focusing specifically on the narcotics industry). To be able to tackle this problem most efficiently, however, I first break the problem up into several sub questions that will aid in finalizing the analysis. The following sub questions will be considered

a) How did the criminal economy develop throughout the region over the past three decades? Here the impact of Neoliberalism on the state is identified as well as the trends noticeable within the criminal economy over this same period.

b) How has the wave of Neo-liberalism affected Latin America economically? This will describe trends in levels of poverty, unemployment, polarization, and so on that can be attributed to the economic restructuring due to the rise in neoliberalism.

c) How have prospects of joining regional organizations changed the regulating policies of states with regard to the criminal economy? The role of Mercosur, the Andean community and the US among others are identified here in changing Bolivian policy towards controlling the narcotic industry. The efficiency of the policies will also be covered here.

1. Goal of Paper

The global criminal network has devastating effects on the world as a whole. The vast sums of money moved from place to place in short time spans with the hope of legalizing it (generally known as money laundering) increases the chances of destabilizing financial economies . The criminal economy also incorporates other activities such as the illegal weapon industry, prostitution, kidnapping, extortion and so on - all of which further destabilize the state, civil society and hence increases insecurity. The sale of illicit drugs has also been linked to increased levels of inequalities (between and within states) as well as decreases in economic development . In short, the criminal economy effects the state and its legitimacy, financial markets, civil society and thus indirectly also democracy.

The purpose for engaging in all of these activities is to benefit from the short-term financial profits that are produced. With the global trade in drugs amounting to some US$500 billion (larger than the global trade in oil) the goal of this paper is to analyze the effects of regionalism (a current phenomenon) on this lucrative market to be able to predict future stability on a financial and social platform.

Ch. Theoretical Context

The theoretical basis on which this problem lies can be said to be threefold. The first of the three is based on the idea that current levels of globalization has led to the weakening of the state therefore making it easier for criminal organizations to maneuver. The second theory describes a connection between the global instability (both social and financial) of the global criminal economy and increases in the information technology and globalization itself. The third and last theory argues that regionalism is but a counter-reaction against globalization by the state in an attempt to control the problems taking place within their territorial borders. In this section I will go into a little more in depth on each of these theories.

According to (what I personally term) the weakened state approach there are two main transformations taking place simultaneously both weakening the state, namely an economical and a political transformation. The economic element argues that since the emergence of increased globalization, coinciding with the liberalization of financial markets, states have lost control or rather autonomy on macroeconomic activities occurring within their geographical borders. The political dimension describes how globalization diminishes the sovereignty of states. This loss in sovereignty is a result from the highly encouraged growth of regulatory activities through nonofficial bodies (such as NGO's for example). It is further diminished through the displacement of public sector governance from state levels to both substate and suprastate authorities and therefore becoming more multilayered. The state has thus lost its predominance as a site of governance . This has not removed the state from being the main actor within its territorial borders but it has significantly weakened its position. The demise of the westphalian international system can thus be said to correlate with a rise in globalization.

The second theory relevant to this paper is that of globalization's perverse connection. What lies central here is the notion that increased globalization (with its state weakening effects) facilitates the movements of global criminal organizations and hence increases the insecurity in a wide array of areas. Among others, increased globalization is believed to lead to increased inequality, poverty, social exclusion and insecurity as well as an overall increase in the instability of international financial markets. Due to the vast amounts of money circulating in the international money laundering operations, linking up the criminal economy to the formal economy, the international financial framework is left unstable . All these activities further have an adverse effect on the political stage. Globalization is thus believed to facilitate criminal activity on a global scale as they grow and diversify faster than state controls can manage.

The third and final theory employed is the notion that regionalization is a counter-process or rather a political corrective for the growing globalized world disorder. Here it is argued that along with increasing globalization there will be those who will attempt to bring these globalization processes under some form of political-territorial control . Regionalism is thus seen as the political ambition of protecting the region from the negative effects or rather the growing disorder that coincides with globalization.

Ch. Historical Context

In order to produce a worthy historical report on the subject matter, I must focus on two processes, to be precise the historical processes of both regionalization and the narcotics industry within Latin America.

After disappointing results from former (post war) regional initiatives, regionalization programs in Latin America seemed like a something of the past. The collapse of the regional economy, after the Mexican debt crisis of 18, along with the resulting economic restructuring necessary, made future prospects of regional projects only less likely.

The early 180's were characterized by economic structural reforms that put an end to the Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) approach as well as the regional integration schemes that supported it. As Latin America opened up (and liberalized) its economies to the rest of the world it simultaneously started to deregulate them thus attempting to motivate more activity within their respective private sectors. Taking a closer look at the tariffs on trade within the region over this period acts as a simple illustration of this. Whereas tariffs were as high as 40 percent in the 180's it was a mere 1 percent by the mid 10's . These structural reforms were accompanied by some 0 regional initiatives since 10, of which the NAFTA and MERCOSUR are the two broadest in scope. The opening of the region increased its economic growth to just below 11 percent, thus managing to exceed the world's trade growth of that period of 6.6 percent . The 18 debt crisis can therefore be said to have ended the ISI approach along with its regional initiatives and was replaced by a new economic approach (a liberal free trade approach) along with new regional schemes to support it. The new regionalism in Latin America thus complimented the structural reform, taking place in the region, promoting an open and competitive private market-base economy.

What is new about this wave of regionalism are its objectives. Among others (see problem question) new regionalism aimed at attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) and thus make their local private sectors more active. Countries hoped that increases in FDI would lead to improved export networks as well as spillovers in technological know how over to local industries thus modernizing national institutions. The importance of entering bi- or multilateral agreements and more so with the "North" seemed more valuable than ever.

The historical process of the narcotics industry for the purpose of this paper also begins in the 180's. The narcotics industry in Latin America is centered around the production of cocaine. Having become the central element in the production of cocaine, the demand for coca leaves had skyrocketed (mainly from the United States) making the coca leaf one of the most (if not the most) profitable crops for export throughout the 180's . The main contributors towards the production of this drug within Latin America were Peru, Bolivia and Columbia due to the increased demand and price of the coca leaf, cultivation within these countries also increased rapidly over this period .

Bolivia, which ranked second after Peru in the cultivation of coca leaves, was specialize in the manufacturing of cocaine base paste while generally leaving the final refining of this, resulting in the finished product, mainly to Columbia . It is worth noting that virtually all of the necessary chemicals for the production of the illicit drug were provided from within the US.

As the Bolivian government, among other states, began to pursue an economic adjustment policy throughout the 180's, thousands of people were left unemployed which were virtually absorbed by the informal economy. It is no coincidence therefore that Bolivia's cultivation boom is identified in the mid 180's . The actual trafficking of the drugs was often mainly done via Columbia's based cartels, transporting the final product in small planes towards the US eager markets. Bolivia often acted as a transit state whereby the cocaine was often routed through Brazil and Argentina towards other destinations around the world.

Throughout the 10's, production trends began to change. Although the major production level had stayed relatively the same, the level of involvement had dramatically changed. Where as the Andean states did not really have a priority towards the increased cultivation of the illicit drug, the US had clear approach in mind. Tackling mainly the supply-end of the industry rather than the more local demand side, the US began to urge states in the region to pursue eradication programs. The motivation for these states to comply was fairly simple, namely the US "certification ultimatum", no action towards eradication would mean no financial aid or loans . Whereas some states were more intimidated than others, Bolivia (having been "decertified" since 187) and Peru began to implement a thorough eradication program with the financial backing of the US government through the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) - which further trained the national narcotic police force and military on tackling the problem. The four part strategy has been extremely successful in eradication, interdiction and alternative development and somewhat less so in prevention/rehabilitation . These new initiatives proved to be very successful from 1 000 although they were not met without resistance on behalf of the coca-cultivating farmers - who earned more money from the cultivation of the illicit crop than licit alternatives. Looking closer at the actual cultivation figures of the region, however, it becomes increasing clear that cultivation simply shifted towards Columbia rather than being completely wiped out of the region .

Ch. 4 Case Study

As stated in the initial problem question, in this paper I take Bolivia as my case study. I apply the problem question on Bolivia for the simple reason that it is located in the heart of the Andean region (the main coca cultivating area within Latin America) that is under scrutiny in this paper. Apart from its mere geographical location it has also fully participated in the cultivation of coca and thus directly in the narcotics industry. Regarding Bolivia's regionalization connection, Bolivia became an associated member of MERCOSUR along with Chili in 16, allowing analysis of the influence of regionalism on narcotics industry within the country since then. As explained in the historical context, Bolivia's eradication policy has been influenced from several angels. On the one side we can identify the influence from the international community, most notable the US and to a certain extent MERCOSUR, on the other side we can also recognize the influence from within the country, namely the affected farmers in the coca cultivating region of the country. This section of the paper will take a closer look at current developments in the economy, government and the coca cultivation within Bolivia in recent years.

The economic aspect of the country seems fairly bleak continuing one of the poorest countries in Latin America with an estimated 70 percent of the total population living in poverty . Although remaining one of the poorest countries, the country has made considerable progress towards the creation of a market-oriented economy over the years. Economic growth in recent years has begun to slow down after years of heightened growth levels. In 000 economic growth was held down to .5 percent after major civil disturbances had broke out throughout the year. The global economic slowdown the following year resulted in no growth at all for the South American country.

Having indicated the poor economic situation in which Bolivia finds itself highlights why the current President, Sanchez de Lozada, is having difficulty rooting out corruption within the country. The economic performance further illustrates why farmers decide to grow coca seeing as their standards of living is considerably increased by doing so. Although licit agricultural products in the Chapare region (one of the major coca cultivation areas in Bolivia) increased the annual family income from US$1706 in 000 to US$055 in 001, the economic recession of Bolivia along with the economic crisis in Argentina have led to a 67 percent decrease in value of licit produce leaving the region . Such reductions in value may ultimately prove to result in decreases in annual incomes leading farmer to consider entering the informal economy for increased returns.

In august 001, President Banzar resigned from office after being diagnosed with Cancer. Banzar's Vice President, Jorge Quiroga, led the transition administration completing Banzar's final year of term. The elections, held in 00 announced former President Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozada, of the Nationalist Revolutionary Movement (MNR), as President of Republic of Bolivia for the coming five years. The runner up in the 00 elections, Evo Morales an infamous cocalero leader, demonstrated unsatisfaction on behalf of the Bolivian population with regards to the coca eradication programs.

According to figures produced from the International Narcotics Control Strategy Reports of 1, the eradication program in Bolivia seemed to be operating effectively (since 16) demonstrating eradication figures for the year of some 4 percent nationwide . Bolivian law authorizes the cultivation of up to 1,000 hectares of coca for traditional use, it is therefore quite astonishing that from the 48,100 hectares of coca cultivation in 16, a mere 14,600 hectares were left by 000. A more recent report, however, demonstrates how this downward trend has come to a halt indicating a general increase in coca cultivation since 000 . The cultivation increase in 00 can be traced back to worsening economic prospects, the transition government administration, as well as the run-up to the 00 presidential elections (where-by Evo Morales, the cocalero leader ended runner up). Along with further violent opposition on behalf of the coca cultivators, the government has been hesitant to conduct forced eradication in particular areas, especially the Yungas (one of the currently leading areas of coca cultivation within Bolivia). Although eradication programs within Bolivia have proven to be successful over the past, Bolivia currently remains to trail Columbia and Peru in the production of coca base in Latin America.

Another noticeable trend taking place within the Andean region is Bolivia's growing importance as a transit state for Peruvian coca base destined for its more vulnerable neighbor states such as Argentina and Brazil . Trafficking patterns demonstrate that Peruvian cocaine crosses into Bolivia in the lake Titicaca region and continues towards Brazil. From there a large portion of the lower quality is consumed in Brazil and indications have led to believe that some is consumed in Europe, Mexico and the US. Peruvian cocaine is also destined through Bolivia for Argentinean, Chilean and Paraguayan markets .

Now that I have explained a little more about what it is I intend to do in this paper and a brief introduction to the trends taking place within the covered region, I now go into more detail on these trends and analyze them in relation to eachother to determine the relation (if any) between them. The following chapters will therefore cover the material summarized above in more depth and focused mainly on Bolivia as this is the case study chosen for the purpose of this paper.

Ch.5 Resources and Methodology

The following chapters aim to describe and illustrate in more detail the historical processes of both regionalization and the narcotics industry taking place within Bolivia in particular. The chapters I intend to cover include

a) The historical trends of narcotics industry over the past three decades.

b) The historical trends of regionalism over the past three decades.

c) The effects of trade liberalization on the Bolivian economy and poverty levels in particular.

The research material used for the purpose of this paper include

• A series of statistics identifying levels of coca cultivation within Bolivia over the past two decades,

• Articles found on the subject matter from reliable sources, including among other the UN, US state department,

• Regionalization statistics, referring mainly to levels of trade and political integration among regional members over time - as limited data on social and cultural integration exists at this moment,

• Poverty level indicators over time and regions within Bolivia,

• Literature related to the subject matter produced by scholars in the field in question.

The data used throughout the research will be based on secondary data. Recognizing the limitations in being able to produce finer predictions as to coca cultivation levels within Bolivia than that provided by the US State departments International Narcotics Control team and the UN combined.

Ch. 6 Work and Timeplan

Identifying the importance of working according to a fixed time plan (helping to guarantee that the research project will not turn out to be a never ending project), this section illustrates the time plan I will be using for the project

• From April 10th - April 5th Working on the narcotics industry trend in Bolivia over the past two/three decades,

• From April 6th-May 15th Working on the trends identified in Bolivia with regard to the regionalism,

• From May 16th - May 0th Working on writing about the identified trends in poverty as result from trade liberalization and economic restructuring,

• From June 1st till end of trimester working on the conclusion, identifying the relation between regionalism and the narcotics industry. This time will further be used to adjust the chapters where necessary.

Ch. 7 Literature list

• Ed. B. Hettne, A. Inotai and O. Sunkel, "Globalism and the New Regionalism" (1),

• M. Castells "The Information Age Economy, Society and Culture", Volume III (000),

• UN "Report of The International Narcotics Control Board for 00"

• UN Economic and Social Council "Problems and dangers posed by organized transitional crime in the various regions of the world" (14),

• J.A. Scholte, "Globalization A critical introduction" (000),

• R. Devlin, A. Estervadeordal, in their chapter in "Beyond Borders The New Regionalism in Latin America" (00 Report)

• E.H. Alvarez, "Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs", Vol. 7, No. , Article "Economic Development, Restructuring and the illicit Drug Sector in Bolivia and Peru Current Policies" (Autumn, 15),

• M. De Franco and R. Godoy, "The Economic Consequences of Cocaine Production in Bolivia Historical, Local, and Macroeconomic Perspectives" (1)

• Observatoire Geopilitique Des Drogues (OGD) - The World Geopolitics of Drugs annual report of 15/6

• International Narcotics Control Strategy Report for Bolivia, Peru and Columbia - 16,

• International Narcotics Control Strategy Report for Bolivia, Peru and Columbia - 1,

• International Narcotics Control Strategy Report for Bolivia, Peru and Columbia - 00,

• U.S. Department of State's Office of International Information Programs (Internet publication), "The Andes Under Siege Environmental Consequences of the Drug Trade"

• U.S. Department of State's Office of International Information Programs (Internet publication), "State Dept. Fact sheets on Drug Situation in Bolivia, Jamaica" (May 00).

• CIA World Factbook 00

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Discourse Analysis Assignment

This conversation involves four females, M, J, S, and D, aged between 1 and 0 years, they are all first language English speakers, the mood of the conversation is friendly and light-hearted. The main topic revolves around the idea that beautiful women are always with fat and ugly men, in music videos or in real life. The conversation begins with all of its speakers participating, then gradually only D and M contributes, but S and J are listening to the conversation as they laugh altogether.

S starts the conversation but does not continue to participate in it, she laugh with the others but does not seem to be interested, the reason for such a reaction could be that she is watching the music video. J is another participant who play a minor role, she makes two utterances in the entire conversation. One of them is a minimal response (16), and the other (10) is agreeing with speaker D. D and M are the two main participants, as they dominate and direct this conversation. Before 17, the conversation is smooth because everyone is agreeing that beautiful women are with fat and ugly men. D is agreeing and not paying full attention to the conversation, as can be seen from the mix up of name in 14, she said J instead of M, showing signs that she could be watching the music video. After 17, D starts to disagree with M, she is very persistent and does not give up her view for a compromise easily. As can be seen from the emphasis she placed on the words ¡°fat¡± and ¡°see¡± in her last two utterances. And D makes witty insults or replies, it lightens the mood and everyone laughs about it. But in a way, it seems to be attacking M, it made her more embarrassed and does not know how to express her self clearly, as can be seen from 0 and 5, many pauses in between her words. This shows us M¡¯s personality, before 17, she speaks fine, there is no significant pauses in her utterances, but after 17, when the conversation only involves her and D, and when D starts to disagree with her, she begins to express herself in an unclear way. She begins to pause and use fragmentary words, such as ' mean, I think¡±, and minimal response words ¡°um¡± for a regulatory effect, and hedge words, such as ¡°like¡±, these all appear after 17, when there is disagreement between her and D.

The turn taking in this conversation is generally smooth, there is no directed questions therefore any speaker can self select whether to participate or not. In 0 and 5, M shows many pauses, it could be that she is signalling for a TRP to the others but they are not responding. There is no interruption, showing that they are not overly interested or involved in the conversation. Turn holding strategies are used mainly by M because she speaks the most, she holds the floor. In 4 and 5, when D overlaps with her, she continue to go on, and in 15 and 16, when J overlap with M, M takes the next turn, she holds the floor of the conversation. Although there are some signs of overlapping present in this conversation, the degree in which it overlaps is not intense, as the original speaker maintains the floor in the end. In 4 and 5, D agrees with a minimal response, while overlapping M, but M carries on speaking. The other overlapping occurs at 15 and 16, where J and M are both agreeing with D, but J stops speaking and M carries on with her speaking again, showing signs that she is really interested in the subject and highly involved.

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The main topic of the conversation is about beautiful women and ugly men. There are five sub-topics. The first utterance is the first sub-topic made by S, its spontaneous from watching the music video. The second sub-topic is made by D, utterance 8, it shifts from fat woman to fat man, and makes fun of Father Christmas. The third sub-topic is made by M, utterance 11, how fat singer¡¯s music video is packed with beautiful women. And D makes the fourth sub-topic again, utterance 14, how fat men are married beautiful wives. The last sub-topic is made by M, on her view of Heavy D, this is know as ¡°Speaker Topic¡±, in which she express her opinion. D and M both made topic shifts, they are the more active participants in the conversation, whereas S started the conversation and J did not perform any topic shifts. S and J responded minimal amounts, no interruptions, no topic shifts, and hardly any participation on their parts. Before the change of a topic, there is a usually a time lapse, before the second sub-topic, it is indicated that a silence of 0,7 of a second is present, and before the fourth sub-topic, there is a short silence of less than half a second. Topic development is spontaneous, dynamic and unplanned. Anything can trig the change of a topic.

In conclusion, this conversation is between four friends, with no intense arguing and minimal responses on two of the participants. And five sub-topics in total, with minimal turn taking, overlapping. M has the floor most of the time. Overall it is a friendly conversation.

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In the Disney rendition of the myth of Hercules there were a few reoccurring themes. One of these was the theme of heroes and villains. Another important theme is trying to belong.

The major theme that I noticed was theme of heroes and villains or protagonists and antagonists. In the movie, Hercules was the protagonist and Hades was the antagonist. Hercules tried to prove himself a true hero. In doing so he saved the lives of many people. Hercules saved many people in the city, tried to be prove himself helpful whenever possible, and he tried to save children who were trapped under rocks.

The children that Hercules saved were not children at all. They were Hades servants. Hades sent his servants to pose as children and then leave Hercules in a deathly situation. To save himself and all other bystanders Hercules had to slay a three-headed monster. Hades tried to kill Hercules when he was only an infant. Hades is without question the antagonist in the movie. He tries to kill Hercules several times. Hades tries to rid of Hercules because he is the only person who can stop him from taking over the world of the gods. This causes Hades to do many evil things to Hercules.

Hercules always felt that he did not belong. He never had many friends or even got along with many people. He always scared them off with his inhuman like strength. Hercules knew he was different but he could not find where he truly belonged. One day the couple he had always believed to be his true mother and father revealed to him that they believed he was the son of gods. Hercules found out that he truly was the son of gods, his father is Zeus and his mother is Hera. Hercules immediately wanted to return home. Hercules could not be with the gods because in an attempt to kill him Hades turned Hercules mortal.

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Hercules could become and live again with the gods only if he proved himself a true hero. He knew he could not become a true hero without help. Hercules found the trainer of the gods, Phil and became his student. Under Phil's direction Hercules did many of his heroic tasks to become a god. These tasks were not enough for him to become a god. Hercules became a god only after he risked his own life to save that of another. Hercules wanted to save the woman he loved, Megara. After he saved her life Hercules then became immortal again and could live among the gods. Although this was what he originally wanted, Hercules realized that he did not wish to leave Megara. Instead he now wanted to remain mortal and live on Earth with Meg. He had finally found where he belonged.

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