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Lady Macbeth's character changes greatly throughout William Shakespeare's 'Macbeth'. In this essay I will use the scenes featuring Lady Macbeth to establish the changes in her character. I will incorporate themes such as change and background, which further the show the gradual development, and diminishment, of her character.

The first impression of Lady Macbeth comes in Act 1, Scene 5 when she has received Macbeth's letter. She recites the story of the three witches and their predictions; Macbeth will be Thane of Cawdor and King, and Banquo's children will be Kings thereafter. Lady Macbeth's character is then unmasked and you see her need for power and success. "Hie thee hither, that I may pour my spirits in thine ear". She wishes for Macbeth to hurry back to Dunsinane so that she can dismiss her fear that he is "too full o' th' milk of human kindness". She feels Macbeth would want to be king, and that he would be a good one; "Thou wouldst be great". However, she feels this could only happen without the evil that would come with it; "What thou wouldst highly, That wouldst holily", meaning 'You want greatness but only by fair means'. Lady Macbeth is headstrong and is determined to quench Macbeth's loyalty and respect for the King "To catch the nearest way" meaning to kill Duncan, thereby leaving the throne open for them. Here you see the great power she holds over Macbeth, she can manipulate his mind to consider killing someone he greatly respects and honours. Lady Macbeth calls evil spirits to "unsex me here". She wants the strength to do what she is planning and feels the only way to do this is to lose her femininity and become masculine and bitter. She wants "no remorse" to "shake my fell purpose" because she fears that she will feel such pain and grief after the murder or weakness before that she wont be able to carry it out, or wont be strong enough to live with it. She calls a "thick night" and "the dunnest smoke of hell" to the skies so that she will not see the dagger kill Duncan or God see her. When Macbeth returns from the battle she is flirty and welcoming; "Great Glamis, worthy Cawdor, greater than both". She hints of her plans to kill Duncan with "Thy letters…purposes" and then presents her plans to kill Duncan that night "o Never shall sun that morrow see". She tells him to "beguile the time, look like the time" meaning she wants him to deceive the world but wear suitable expressions. Here is where you first see the powerful hold Lady Macbeth has over her husband. She uses her sexuality to seduce and persuade him out of his noble thoughts and into the evil spirits that have come to her. The way he reacts to her evil intent shows his submission "We will speak further". At this point Macbeth is still loyal to Duncan, but he still doesn't have the strength to flatly refuse Lady Macbeth's plan to kill the King. In this scene Lady Macbeth's hold over Macbeth is slowly growing. She has used her power and holds Macbeth under her fist, he still has not bent totally to her will, but slowly is complying.

At the beginning of Act 1, Scene 7, Macbeth thinks over Lady Macbeth's plan "If it were done, when 'tis done, then 'twere well it were done quickly", he thinks that if it ended once the murder was committed, then it would be good to get it over with quickly. However, after further thought he decides it would be an unjust plan and changes his mind "I am his kinsman and his subject" he also feels that he has "borne his…meek" (exercised his powers so humbly). Macbeth tells Lady Macbeth "We will proceed no further in this business". Lady Macbeth challenges his decision with accusations that he is cowardly "live a coward in thine own esteem" and of "Letting 'I dare not' wait upon 'I would'" (letting fear getting the better of desire). She asks him who made him "break this enterprise to me?" She tells him he is unmanly and attacks his honour, bravery and manhood all the things Macbeth was famous for. She tells him she would have "plucked my nipple from his boneless gums, and dashed the brains out, had I so sworn as you have done to this". Meaning she would kill her baby rather than break this promise, attacking his strength. She at last beats Macbeth's will and he gives in to her; "If we should fail?" Again, you see the hold Lady Macbeth holds over her husband; he went from a flat refusal to admiration of her "undaunted mettle". Macbeth is now as determined as Lady Macbeth to carry out the murder "I am settled". In this scene Lady Macbeth uses her sexuality and persuasion skills to completely manipulate the mind of her husband. She changed his mind within a couple of minutes and used her lack and love of children to show Macbeth her passion and need to kill Duncan for the throne. This scene shows the reader the strength of her hold over Macbeth, she now has him bent to her will.

Act , Scene shows Lady Macbeth's feminine side. At the beginning of the scene in which Duncan is killed Lady Macbeth thinks she hears noises of the night "Hark! Peace! … I heard the owl scream and the crickets cry." Her weakness for King Duncan is also found "Had he not resembled my father as he slept, I had done it". She sees him as a father figure in his life and in this situation she could not kill him. When Macbeth tells his wife of the voices he thinks he has heard she dismisses him by saying he's lost his strength and that he is being idiotic and mad "to think so brainsickly of things". When Macbeth has killed Duncan, he brings the daggers back down to where Lady Macbeth is waiting. This enrages Lady Macbeth and she calls him "Infirm of purpose", weak minded, and tells him to grow up. She then completely takes control and takes them back upstairs to soak the chamberlains in blood. Once the murder has been carried through she supports Macbeth and tells him it'll all be over once they have washed the blood from their hands. She directly compares herself to Macbeth at this time "My hands are of your colour; but I shame to wear a heart so white". When a knock is heard at the gates of Dunsinane castle Macbeth panics and again Lady Macbeth takes control and orders him to get washed and to put on his nightgown. Lady Macbeth does show her weaker side in this section of the play, but she regains her strength once Macbeth's strength has diminished. This scene shows the reader the origin of Lady Macbeth's downfall.

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Lady Macbeth plays a small but important part in Act ,Scene . Duncan has been found murdered and she comes to see what the commotion is about. When she finds out what's happened she faints. This opens up many questions for the reader; did she fake it? Or does she feel remorse for what she's done? I feel it was a bit of both. What she did has only just hit her and the shock overcomes her, and she wants to seem weak and distraught, as she 'should' have done at that time. Here is where the first transaction of strength is apparent to the reader. Macbeth keeps a strong face, and although his rash decision to kill the chamberlains is a dense one, he manages to cover it up and appear mad at the thought of treason that ruthless. Here is where Macbeth regains his strength and his wife begins to lose her grip on Macbeth and her hold on masculinity.

In Act , Scene Lady Macbeth is uneasy about their position "Where our desire…doubtful joy". She feels they have all they wanted and yet she is not happy. She feels she is living in a joy full of fear and that it would be safer to be "that which we destroy" meaning Duncan. When Macbeth enters, equally worried, she covers her thoughts and acts confident and tells him not to dwell "of sorriest fancies". She tells him "Why think them on" and that "what's done is done". Lady Macbeth continues to urge him to forget what's done and tells him to "be bright and jovial among your guests tonight". She uses this strong and confident mask to her husband to try and prove to him, and herself, she still has a hold of power. Macbeth does eventually stop dwelling, and hints of his plan to kill Banquo. Lady Macbeth doesn't know what he is saying but he tells her she will approve "Then be thou jocund." This scene emphasises Macbeth's new grip on his power, he is playing a game not telling her what he's planning and gradually she is becoming more 'wife-like', not being involved with the King's affairs and dealings.

In ,4 Macbeth slips up again. At the Banquet he sees Banquo's ghost sitting in his seat at the table and panics. Lady Macbeth worries that he may something that will give them away for the murder of Duncan. She tells the guests to sit and that he has had this condition since he was born and that it would pass soon. When they are alone she again takes control and tells him "O proper…fear" that it is nonsense and just a figment of his imagination and fear. She again attacks his man hood "quite unmanned in folly" meaning he is without the qualities of manliness in this madness. Lady Macbeth is not feeling the guilt of Banquo's death like Macbeth is because she was not behind his murder. Although she had some part to play in it, she did not no of the plan until it had been carried out, therefore taking the burden of responsibility off of her. Again in this scene Lady Macbeth regains her hold on Macbeth but again loses it by the end. She makes excuses for him in front of the guests, but once they are gone she falls quiet and the strain of the evening takes hold of her. Macbeth however makes more plans and intends to visit the three witches to find his future. Instead of stopping the bloodshed, he aims to continue on the same path.

The importance of Lady Macbeth in the play is shown quite obviously in the lack of scenes she features in after the madness of Macbeth is quenched. In Act 5 her lady-in-waiting and a doctor watch her whilst sleepwalking. She is stood washing her hands over and over again. In her sleep she says "out damned spot"; Lady Macbeth is re-living the night they murdered Duncan. She is washing the blood of her hands, but one spot wont come off. Lady Macbeth now feels the murder of Duncan was pointless because she has all she wanted and is not happy. She really regrets the assassination "Who would have thought the old man to have had so much blood in him?" Her mention of the Thane of Fife is important because she is disturbed by the fact that Macbeth murdered his children and wife out of spite for Macduff. This especially affects her, as Lady Macbeth wants above all children of her own and the fact that he just murdered Macduff's in cold blood. When the doctor tells Macbeth Lady Macbeth's illness is not medical, Macbeth's response is for the doctor to "Raze out…brain" to rub out the troubles imprinted on the mind. When the doctor tells him the patient must do that herself, Macbeth responds "Throw physic to the dogs, I'll none of it". This would have pleased James I as they were his sentiments. Here Macbeth seems not at all bothered by his wife's illness. He tells the doctor to find a cure for Scotland and leaves. In her final scene she commits suicide. When Macbeth hears this, he speaks on the insignificance of life "It is a tale…nothing" a completed story full of words and emotion, it is meaningless. After a short speech, a messenger comes with the news that Birnam wood is moving. With this news, Lady Macbeth is forgotten.

Lady Macbeth is a controversial figure. She is seen by some as a woman of strong will who is ambitious for herself and who is astute enough to recognise her husbands strengths and weaknesses, and ruthless enough to exploit them. They see her in her commitment to evil and in her realisation that the acquisition of the Crown has not brought her the happiness she had expected, and finally, as one who breaks down under the strain. Others see her as a woman ambitious for her husband whom she loves. She recognises the essential good in him, and feels that, without her, he would never have won the Crown. She allies herself with the powers of darkness for his sake, but here natural femininity breaks down under the strain of the unnatural murder of Duncan and the alienation of her husband. She is seen as simple and realistic where Macbeth is complicated and imaginative. She can see what must be done; he visualises the consequences.

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An audience members senses come alive the moment they enter a movie theater. The smell of the food, the sounds from the arcade, the sweet taste of a cold soda, the greasy feeling of butter on ones popcorn, and the movie itself are just a few of the things that will manipulate ones senses. The lines may irk a person, but once they are inside it is well worth it. The theater is a happening place to be for people of all ages. The feeling of all of ones senses being used is invigorating which promotes the theaters popularity.

The voice of the man behind the long counter of food saying, Can I help you? Zaps, bangs, booms, and boisterous cheers can be heard from the arcade. The sound of laughter and talking that seems to float throughout the theater. These are just a few of the sounds that one may hear. As one waits in line one may hear the popcorn popping as if to be little firecrackers. One can hear people talking about what they are going to get or about the movie that they are about to see. The sound of a small child slurping on a soda that they have just purchased may also be heard. Depending on the movie there may be uncouth dialog which sometimes is hard to tolerate. Most of the movies have very little vulgarity, so if one can avoid R rated movies one can avert uncouth dialog.

The distinct smell of popcorn and other snacks from behind the counter linger throughout the theater. A sweet sugary smell hovers around the soda dispenser. The smell is very pleasant. One smell that everyone will recognize is the smell of greasy, salty popcorn. This scent goes along with the theater. Finally, the sweet smelling chocolate and sugary scent of other candy draws many into the line for food like a moth to a lamp. The theater is a jungle of different smells.

The feel of the smooth soft candy and the greasy feel of the popcorn are just a few of the things you may feel while in the theater. The popcorn is smooth because of the greasy butter that is put on it and yet still has a bumpy texture due to the salt that is sprinkled on it. Many people enjoy the soft feeling of the candy even though it melts between their fingertips causing them to have sticky fingers. Condensation on the outside of ones soda is cold and causes ones cup to become slippery. The condensation is also a refreshing feeling and cleans off the sugars on ones fingers which caused them to be sticky. As one enters the theater they feel a cool draft which runs throughout the theater. When seated, the feel of the soft chair relaxes the body.

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While sitting in the theater waiting for the movie to start one may watch the trailers, and sample what they purchased at the concession stand. The trailers may cause some to want to come back to the theater in the future to see a movie that appears to be good. As the trailers end, the lights dim, and people shut off their cell phones and pagers, preparing for the feature film. As the movie begins the some patrons may eat candy that is bursting with flavor, or eat a piece of buttery popcorn. Some may become thirsty and a sip a soda. As the movie ends, the lights come back on and people begin to leave the theater. Walking down the isle one may see a split bucket of popcorn being cleaned up by an usher or a spilt soda. Approaching the trashcan patrons try to finish what food ever they have left over. The theater is place of many sights and tastes.

The theater is a place that will manipulate all of ones senses. The smells, sights, sounds, feelings, and tastes will overwhelm the senses and yet keep patrons returning for more. The theater is an experience that everyone should have. It is a very social and very interactive place to be. It is an appropriate location for a large social event or with a small intimate group. No matter how one attends the theater, it is a guarantee that all the senses will be utilized in one way or another.

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King Lear incorporates many different sets of images that remain consistent throughout the entire play. They are used to represent the characteristics of many of the main characters, illustrate important ideas that relate to the plays central themes and also provide a form of explanation that helps the audience gain a better understanding of some of the plays key events.

The images presented in the opening scene of Act one are prophetic. They are used to foreshadow many of the later; more elaborate use of imageries and provide a brief introduction to their importance in respect to many of the plays central themes. Lear calling upon nature when Cordelia displeases him with her words marks the beginning for what will become a very intense relationship between him and nature. His statement to 'confer duties onto younger strengths, while we unburdened crawl toward death", unintentionally takes on an even more literal meaning that what he proposed, as his actions and 'blindness' drive him to madness, where in the storm, he becomes like a 4legged wild animal, crawling closer and closer towards his end. The images of the womb and birth are also important, relating closely to the themes of human existence and legitimacy.

One of the more important prophetic images in this scene is the introduction to the idea of nothing and Lear's belief that 'nothing will come of nothing'. It is used ironically to explore Lear's preconception that 'nothing' is something meaningless and insignificant, when in fact it is what he considers to be 'nothing' that leads to his later downfall. When his daughters proclaim their love to him, Cordelia opts to say nothing that goes beyond the scope of her true feelings. Lear however, sees only ignorance in her words, thus banishing the only truthful daughter he has, setting himself up for disaster.

A similar thing happens in the sub plot involving Gloucester. He considers nothing to have no real value ('nothing hath no such need to hide itself') thus reading the letter that is apparently 'nothing' and then his disaster begins.

Both these plots may also be connected to the recurring image of the eye and its relationship to the theme of reality vs. appearance. Both stories are bombarded with images relative to sight, which is significant to the two men's inability to see the truth. Lear is blinded by his need for flattery-the words of his daughters are false but he is unable to see this. When he banishes Cordelia, Kent begs him to see reason, stating "See better Lear, and let me remain in the blank of thine eye". But it is only through madness that Lear is able to see reason and truth.

Gloucester's connection with the eye imagery is explored in both a physical and metaphorical sense. In Act , his eyes are gouged out by Cornwall, making him physically blind. Before this however, he was mentally blinded. It is through his physical blinding that he is actually able to see the truth and gain a sense of insight that he had before lacked. He realizes it was Edmund who deceived him, not Edgar. When stopped on the way to Dover by an old man, he says, "I have no way, therefore need no eyes. I stumbled when I saw" showing his sudden realization of how stupid he had been.

Lear also uses distinct reference to images of carnivorous animals when talking about his two daughters, Goneril and Regan. He calls them 'detested kites' and 'serpent like' with a 'wolvish-visage', each of these alluding to animals that feed on another to satisfy their own needs. They are used in a derogatory sense, to convey Lear's anger and hurt by what he considers to be filial ingratitude and unnatural.

The images used in King Lear are important as they help the audience gain a better understanding of what the play is initially about. Without them, the irony explored throughout the play would not seem so ironic, and the play itself would lack the depth it currently has.

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What is Laws of Life? The core values that we take with us wherever we go, whatever we do. Actually, this is a very wide range of topic. Different people may have their own laws of life. For me, my Law of Life is how I live my life.

As the time goes by, all the things are changing, so does my life. How do you face the changes? Some people may choose to keep complaining about the changes. When they are facing the happiness, they may think that the time passes too quickly. In the other hand, they may think that the time passes too slowly. But is that the time will speed up or slow down for your complaints? The answer is NO. You still need to face the new moments, the new days, and new seasons. I face the changes with an optimism mind.

Life offers us a lot of opportunities, but some of them may only have one chance. Before making your decision, please think about it carefully! However, I had made a wrong decision. After making the wrong decision, the best way to overcome it is remind myself with one of the Chinese Proverbs ?? ¡°Failure is the mother of Success.¡± Is failure a defeat? NO. Failure is the inspiration for future. Based on the failure, you may learn how to prevent the fault.

You can have anything, but not everything.

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There is no unsolvable problem in the world. If you think that you can¡¯t the problem by yourself, try to find some help. Anyway, don¡¯t give up.

Some people like to say, ' wish ¡­¡± or ' want ¡­¡±. But they won¡¯t try to get what they wish or what they want. If I wish something, I will do my best to work for it.

I don¡¯t know how do you treat others. For me, I will do to others what I want others to do to me. I don¡¯t mean that if I do something good to others, I need them to good to me. Actually, I don¡¯t expect them to give me back anything, because I think that give out is much happier than receive!

My parents always teach me I should forgive my enemy, but what I think is only forgiveness is not enough. We should forgive and forget! You forgive somebody, but in your mind you still think about that he was not good for you before. Then you two won¡¯t be true friends anymore.

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If you order your cheap custom essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on The extent to which the Provisional Government satisfied the people in Russia in 1917. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality The extent to which the Provisional Government satisfied the people in Russia in 1917 paper right on time.

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The Provisional Government was only able to satisfy the demanding needs of the Russian people to a small extend. The Provisional Government was not an effective representation of the Russian people, and was nearly as out of touch as the Czar had been, which might explain why it seemed incapable of satisfying the Russian people. The great expectations of Russian people of all different walks of life were hardly met. The soldiers had to continue fighting, the peasants gained no control over land, the urban workers were still not satisfied with their working conditions and almost no national minorities gained complete autonomy. It seems that the only group of people whose needs had been met were the opposing political groups, which eventually perpetuated not to be in the Provisional Government's best interests. Even the eight-point plan that was meant to satisfy a large range of people and was released in 117 created some hope but generally did not have a big enough impact on the lives of the common Russian people. Any major changes that the people felt they needed so badly were postponed to when the Provisional Government had set up a Constitutional Assembly. This constant procrastination for any major decisions continued to increase the dissatisfaction already present amongst the people of Russia.

The soldiers who had suffered so greatly during the war had one last surge of patriotism when the Provisional Government chose to continue the country's involvement in the war and ignore the soldiers' plead for peace with Germany. However, this initial support waned when the high scale of casualties continued to rise. Especially after Kersenksy's "October Offensive" was a miserable failure and cost a great deal of human lives. The only satisfaction that the soldiers gained from the Provisional Government's reign was the introduction of 'soldier unions'. The elections by the soldiers within the unions saw the Soviets gaining authority and the troops becoming a secondary force. Other demands usually mirrored the demands of the peasants, as most soldiers were originally peasants.

The peasants made a significant request for land reforms, which was neglected as the Provisional Government, wanted to fully investigate the land situation before making any permanent decisions. The need for land amongst the peasants was so big however, that eventually they started to claim land illegally. Special land committees were employed to appease any land disputes. These actions were unsuccessful and the lack of satisfaction amongst the peasants was so great that armed forces were sent to control resulting conflicts. There was also a great need for fair grain distribution to satisfy the severe demands of the peasant's customers. The government's response to this appeal was to monopolise Russia's grain industry. Special food committees set prices 60 percent beyond that of the old regime, which saw peasants unmotivated to assist in the monopoly. The government utilize local authority leaders to control rural industry, however the detachment of these authorities caused alienation and therefore misunderstanding between them and the peasants, therefore the system was ineffective. All this caused a great deal of frustration and disappointment of the effectiveness of the Provisional Government amongst the peasants as they felt it had only increased their problems.

The urban worker's need was for better working and living conditions, which were problems caused by major and rash industrialisation. The Russian proletariats had some of their needs satisfied such as the introduction of the eight-hour working day, which had been their aim for a long time, even stemming back to Bloody Sunday in 105.This great policy which was stated in the eight-point plan turned out be more of an ideal than a reality, as the government was unwilling to enforce the policy on factory owners. This meant that not much of the urban worker's living conditions were changed positively as was expected. The urban workers were also keen to receive wage increases, which the Provisional Government failed to deliver. Even providing committees to allow the workers more say on their situation turned out to be a quick fix to satisfy their needs. In reality the Provisional Government still had the largest authorities voice and not much needs of the Russian people had been met since the fall of the Czarist regime. Many more change were needed to satisfy the people, and the situation deteriorated when the urban workers' workload kept rising due to the continuation of Russia's involvement in the war.

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The national minorities, which had despised the 'Russification' policy, that had been strong in the Czarist regime, were keen to gain their national independence. The demands were that if this were not possibly they would at least like to gain greater autonomy. The Provisional Government met none of these needs. Only Poland gained independence and thus satisfaction from the Provisional Government rule, other national minorities were told to wait until the establishment of the Constitutional Assembly.

Other political groups benefited more from the rule of the Provisional Government than the Russian people itself. One of the policies of the eight-point plan was that all political prisoners were to be forgiven and released immediately from prisons. Freedom of speech was another point in the plan, which further satisfied revolutionaries. This allowed important political groups such as the Soviets to openly publicize their policies, spreading their message to a wider variety of people. The lack of satisfaction that the Provisional Government provided the Russian people with were also the gains of opposing political groups, and were used feverishly in the Soviet campaigns. Eventually the popularity of the Bolsheviks increased to the point where the government felt the need to use repression, therefore going against policy one and two in the eight-point plan. The Soviets pointed out the three most important requirements that had to be met immediately for the Provisional Government's survival which were "Bread, Peace, Land". Which reflected the general public's need for food, the soldier's and the general public's need for peace and the peasant's need for land. The successful Soviet revolution in later years would show that these requirements were not met.

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The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn begins where the The Adventures of Tom Sawyer leaves off. At the end of the previous novel, Huck and Tom find a treasure of twelve thousand dollars which they divide. Judge Thatcher takes their money and invests it in the bank at six percent interest, so that each boy earns a dollar a day on their money. Huck Finn moves in with the Widow Douglas, who has agreed to care for him.

Huckleberry Finn is the narrator of this story, and he starts off by describing his life to the reader. After moving in with the Widow Douglas, he soon runs away because she tries to civilize him she buys him new clothes and begins teaching him the Bible. Tom Sawyer goes after Huck and convinces him to return after promising that they will start a band of robbers together. Huck, even though he returns, still complains about the fact that he must wear new clothes and eat only when the dinner bell rings, something he was not used to while growing up.

The Widow Douglas is careful to teach Huck the Bible and to forbid him from smoking. Her attentions towards him are complemented by her sister, Miss Watson, who also lives in the house. Miss Watson is a spinster who decides that Huck must get an education. She tries to teach him spelling and she also lectures him on behaving well so that he will go to heaven. Miss Watson warns Huck that if he does not start behaving he will go to hell. However, Huck is more impressed by her description of hell which he thinks sounds like a lot more fun than the lessons she keeps trying to teach him.

Huck goes to and lights a candle. He starts to feel extremely lonesome and whenever he hears a night sound, such as an owl, a dog or a whippowill, he equates the sound with death. At one point he flicks a spider and accidentally causes the spider to burn up in the candle flame, which he takes to be a very bad omen. Huck waits until midnight, and at that time a soft meow comes from outside his window. Huck replies and then climbs out of the window and drops to the ground where he meets Tom Sawyer.

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If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on International Law and the Gender equality priciple. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality International Law and the Gender equality priciple paper right on time.

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INTRODUCTION

Recognition of gender equality into a principle that is part of CIL will have widespread impact, since all states will be internationally accountable for any discriminatory practices concerning gender. However although treaties, most notably CEDAW, tribunals, special rapporteur reports and judicial decisions suggest that gender equality has matured into a CIN, this norm has unfortunately not reached the status of CIL. Barriers such as cultural and religious practices, CEDAW inefficiencies and the amount of reservations which defeat the purpose of the CEDAW convention, suggest that there is no generality of state practise. The standards for ascertaining whether the gender equality principle has matured into CIL are the existence of Opinio Juris (what states are obliged to do) and state practice. Where there is a lack of state practice the maturation of the gender equality principle into CIL will be undermined.

CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL NORM

Opinio Juris in this instance is the belief that the practice of the gender equality principle "is obligatory, rather than merely convenient or habitual" (p.) and thus is an essential component of customary international law. Opinio Juris can also be inferred from repeated state practice.

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CEDAW, was the first convention to enumerate a broad range of specific rights. The CEDAW convention requests all party states to end all forms of discrimination against women in public life with regard to health and education, as well as equality before the law in marriage and family life. The purpose of CEDAW is to grant women the ability to exercise rights which are protected by human rights law. Furthermore, CEDAW has the membership of 165 party states. A large amount of ratification may suggest that gender equality has been given the recognition to become a CIL since the vast majority of states recognize the need for gender equality. International human rights treaty bodies also have an influential role in the recognition of gender equality as CIL. For example the PCHRC, has made general comments, most notably No.8 and No.1 which dealt with issues of gender equality and the elimination of violence against women respectively. Recognizing the value of such comments, CEDAW subsequently recognized gender-base violence as a form of discrimination and urged party states to eliminate violence against women. Where such comments and general recommendations are adopted by more influential committees i.e the CEDAW committee, which has some influence over international tribunals, such comments serve to enforce the standards the PCHRC stipulate. The CEDAW Committee has made 4 recommendations, the last one being made at the 0th session in 1.

INTERNATIONAL JUDICIAL ENFORCEMENT AND NATIONAL LEGISLATION

International judicial enforcement of the principle of gender equality provides indications of whether gender equality has matured into a CIL. In the case of Shirin Aumeeruddy-Cziffra and 1 other Mauritian Women v Mauritius, the U.NHRC found that certain statutes discriminated against the Mauritian women unjustly. The case dealt with Mauritian citizenship where alien wives of Mauritian men were automatically granted Mauritian citizenship but the same did not apply for alien husbands of Mauritian women who had to file a request for citizenship which could be refused. Mauritius was found to have acted in contravention of the Political Covenant, of which Mauritius was a party. Similarly in the case of S.W.M Broeks v The Netherlands, the U.NHRC found the Netherlands to have discriminated against Broeks in requiring her to prove that she had been a "breadwinner" in order to receive unemployment benefits, where such a requirement contravened the Political Covenant. Where HRC's have extended the obligations of states beyond their explicit treaty obligations it may be evidence to show that the gender equality principle has matured into CIL. National legislation also assists in identifying whether the gender equality principle has matured into CIL. Where states attempt to implement their obligations in their domestic laws, it provides evidence for the existence of Opinio Juris and the willingness of a state to practice the principle. Australia for example has implemented its obligations under CEDAW through the enactment of the Sex Discrimination Act 184.

PRIVATE ACTORS

"Intimacy and privacy are no longer justifications for the non-intrusion of the state. It is important that hierarchy within the family be challenged and equalized, and that victims of violence within the home be given access to redress".

CEDAW also places affirmative duties on the state to prevent the discrimination against women by private actors, since the health of women is equally in danger from husbands, employers and Brothel owners etc. The issue of private actors was raised in the leading case of Velasquez Rodriguez (V), It was found that the national security units of Honduras had carried out the disappearance of V under the cover of public authority. Thus Honduras was deemed to have violated its obligations under the American Convention on Human rights to "respect the rights and freedoms of persons, and to ensure the full exercise of those rights", under Article 1(1). In X & Y v The Netherlands the ECHR found the Netherlands to have violated Article 8 of the European Convention which recognized the respect for women in private and family life. .

The case concerned the son-in-law of a nursing home director who had sexually assaulting a mentally handicapped sixteen year old female patient. Although a gap in the Dutch law disallowed the state from interfering in private matters, the European Court nonetheless extended the obligations of the state of Netherlands to protect gender equality in the private realm.

BARRIERS TO CIL

Although there is widespread recognition of the gender equality principle, as evidenced through the large amount of ratification, judicial decisions and treaty obligations, state practice serves to hinder its transformation into CIL.

Firstly, reservations serve to undermine the applicability of the CEDAW convention. The CEDAW convention is one of the most heavily reserved conventions. Although it is not uncommon for states to make reservations, but reservations which defeat the object and purpose of a treaty serve to seriously undermine the commitment of a state to the principle of gender equality. Many Islamic countries have posited reservations to the requirements set out under CEDAW which are not compatible to religious law. It is also argued that women's rights are relative to culture, where they may be more recognized in some cultures and less recognized in others. Iraq for example has entered reservations with regard to Article , where Iraq will only apply the provisions provided that they do not conflict with the Iraqi family code. Most significantly it has reserved Article 16 by stating that its obligations under it "shall be without prejudice to the provisions of the Islamic Shari'a law". Iraq has made numerous reservations together with many other Islamic countries to preserve Shari'a law, which preserves sex stereotyping. The commitment of states to comply with the provisions set out under CEDAW are called into question when reservations are made, furthermore when these reservations defeat the object and purpose of the convention and such a large amount of reservations are made state practice is scrutinized.

Where the CEDAW convention establishes only one mechanism for the enforcement of issues, the effectiveness of CEDAW may be limited. Inefficiencies may include enormous delays in evaluating reports, furthermore when states fail to report in a timely fashion, CEDAW may not have enough time to evaluate each report. Although the need for other enforcement mechanisms are paramount, the negative ramifications are somewhat mitigated by the work of the Committee. The committee comprised solely of women takes a proactive approach in investigating violations but is more inclined to investigate violations by affected groups filing complaints against states. Violations by certain states on individuals are rarely investigated since the committee lacks sufficient technical and financial support, and as such governments may become more skeptical about responding to the committee.

Unfortunately the committee is also somewhat ineffective. Article 5 of the CEDAW convention regulates social and cultural patterns of conduct within the public and private sphere, however where cultural behaviour is patterned on religious beliefs, a state may feel reluctant to curtail such behaviour. Such state inactivity will conflict with the principle forbidding discrimination.

EXAMPLES OF STATE PRACTISE

State practice in some countries is influenced by religious and customary practices which have been in place for many years. In many Islamic countries the requirements of purdah (veiling and seclusion of women) and confinement to the home excludes women from participating in the same political, social and economic forums men participate in. Although Muslim women have been given access to educational, political and public circles, there still lie some hindrances to complete equality with men. The Shah Bono case, was once instance where state action without religious approval was ineffective. The case concerned a Muslim man who was liable to make maintenance payments to his Muslim wife. Although he did not have to make the payments under personal law he had to make payments under the Criminal Law provision of India. The Indian Supreme Court ruled in favour of the Muslim wife which was met with dissatisfaction from India's Muslim community. Ultimately the Supreme Court passed the Muslim women's Act which made the divorced woman's family responsible for her maintenance payments. The case is indicative of the force religious law can take in resisting secular interpretation of the Qu'ran, where religious rights were prioritized over women's rights. Furthermore it was an instance where women's rights had to give way to the realities of pluralism.

Chinese culture also provides evidence that gender equality has not yet matured into CIL. As the decisions made by the Chinese government are impulse driven, gender equality for women is volatile. For example the Chinese government granted women the right of divorce when its ultimate aim was to dissolve arranged marriages. Once this goal was achieved women no longer had the right to divorce simply on the basis of dissatisfaction with the marriage. Furthermore in the 150's China began to implement procedures for rural women to join the workforce. However when it was realized that the unemployment levels of men had risen due to a lack of service driven industries women were displaced from the workforce and returned to work in the home. Extreme examples of the violation of women's reproductive autonomy were evident to protect collective interests. Extreme procedural practices such as infanticide, enforced sterilization and forced abortion have been implemented to gradually reduce China's ever increasing population although enforced sterilization is a crime against humanity under Article 7(1)(g) of the ICC statute. China has argued that birth-control measures are not to be considered as measures of enforced sterilization and consequently a compromise has been met.

This compromise is stated under Article 8()(b)(xxii) and (e)(vi) of the ICC statute, and states that genuine consent from the party being sterilized is needed. Consent obtained through deception will not suffice.

CONCLUSION

The maturation of gender equality into a CIL would provide additional protection for women since all states would comply with the gender equality principle as well as feel obligated to comply (Opinio Juris). Although Opinio Juris is evidenced throughout the world by the progressive efforts made by states, tribunals, committees and judicial decisions, state practice ultimately hampers the gender equality principle from being part of CIL. Although only two examples of state practice were discussed above, the examples are indicative of the discriminatory practices made by many other states globally. Due to the vast amount of reservations and cultural and religious barriers there is still a large amount of resistance in adopting the gender equality principle. These barriers ultimately prevent the gender equality principle from being part of customary international law.

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Within every organizational group, there is a degree of diversity that exists. This article addresses the issue of diversity and introduces a new concept of group composition called faultlines. This concept depends on the position of characteristics held by every individual member within the organisational group. If there is strong faultlines within a group i.e. members in the group are similar in many ways, the group is able to work together easily to shorten the processes and initial stages of a project. However, the existence of strong faultlines can also be a disadvantage as it restricts creativity and maximises the chance of group conflicts. The article applies the theory of faultlines to the development of an organisational group and discusses the various outcomes.

The creation of the theory of faultlines is very successful in that it can be applied to any group situation and gives a good understanding of the diversity an organisational group can contain. This article portrays this theory clearly and orderly, however, was found to be very repetitive in certain areas.

Empirical studies on managing conflict.

The basic outline of this article deals with managing conflict within an organisational group. It can be seen from article 1 that when there is diversity in a group, there will always be conflict. The idea of dispute in an organisational group however, is argued in this article. The question raised is whether a moderate level of dispute is desirable in order to enhance learning and effectiveness in an organization. It can be seen that when there is a weak faultline within a group i.e. that there is minimal similarities throughout the group, more cases of conflict will arise and it is important to understand how to control this problem to avoid dysfunction.

The main advantage to this article is that it is short and to the point and addresses the important issues dealing with group conflict. However, the weakness in the article is that the conclusion is vague, which is a major down point.

Cross-functional project groups in research.

The idea of cross-functional project groups within organizations is examined in this article. The term 'cross-functional group' is used meaning a group consisting of a number of members all from different functional areas of the organization. This can be related back to articles 1 and in that these groups show a wide range of diversity, which in turn will cause conflict. However, it was discovered in this article that cross-functional group work has many advantages. Multiple sources of communication, maximised creativity, increased number of contacts outside the group and reduction of job stress are just a few. However, the key point to this article is that it has been found that functional diversity is most beneficial on group performance through the increased external communication. This is due to every member of the group having diverse backgrounds and contacts with external networks of information. This then leads to a faster schedule, better budget performance and technical quality. Despite the issue of conflict arising in such a diverse group, it was found that cross-functional groups within the workforce are a major advantage.

The layout of this article is seen to be a success as it examines the idea of a cross-functional workgroup in the form of an experiment. This allows the topic of concern to be fully dissected and examined to reach an educated and informative conclusion. It is hard to find a weakness in this article as every aspect of the main issue is explored.

Why do employees resist teams?

The use of work teams throughout organizations has had a dramatic increase throughout the past few decades. This article examines the conflict and resistance that has accompanied this growth. It was found that the resistance was due to low tolerance for change and the lack of trust throughout the organization. Self-managing work teams where the group members manage themselves, take action on problems and assign jobs are addressed throughout the article. The effectiveness of this type of work group is measured in terms of productivity and member attitudes and behaviours. The issue of why these teams do not enhance organisational productivity and employee behaviour is examined throughout the article. It is found that organisational change in general is usually resisted throughout most organizations causing conflict and job dissatisfaction. Not only is this due to the pressure to alter the status quo but also because of the diversity that exists within the self-managed groups. It was found from these studies that the main issue of concern from employees surveyed about self-managed groups was the issue of fairness. This concern about change generally results in resistance leading to conflict within the workplace.

The article is successful in that it directly deals with the emotions and reactions of people in a workplace making the data more accurate and believable. It also manages to examine issues that have been untouched in previous research dealing with the same topic. The weakness of the article is that it involves minimal opinions from the other side of the argument and is therefore biased to a certain degree.

Effects of Intragroup Communication.

The idea of intragroup communication has previously been argued. This article however, conducts an experiment to find the advantages and disadvantages, if any, of the communication between people within an organisational group. Two tests were conducted to find the results of group members with no interaction and then again with a large involvement in the group work. The individuals belonging to the groups that are involved in the experiment, all have partially conflicting interests. This is obviously due to the diversity between existing members. The study examined repeated interactions in intragroup conflict. Two conditions existed to the study. One in which members of the group could interact freely, and one where interaction was prohibited. Results showed that individuals learnt that there was no benefit of contribution to group work when communication was prohibited. However, when group interaction was allowed, the individual contribution or participation doubled.

This study was successful in that it was able to define the relations between the individual group member's interests and the collective interests of the group. Two modes of conflict resolution were able to be distinguished between and important information is gained from a study of high interest to organisational groups. However, it is partially vague in one area of what it believes to be correct. If it is healthy for different groups within the one organization to compete, it must be healthy for the individual members of a certain group to also compete. On the other hand, it is also thought that what is best for the group is not necessarily best for the individual group member. This range of ideas was not successfully concluded in the article.

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There was once a time when people, more specifically blacks, thought that a high school diploma was a major accomplishment, and that it would be enough to supply the needs that they would encounter in the future. As time has progressed, however, minorities have realized, in large numbers, that an education is the foundation of the future. A recent study, released by the American Council on Education's (ACE) Office of Minorities in Higher Education (OMHE), has shown that number of African Americans that pursue higher education has increased to 8%.

It is in these large numbers that African Americans are beginning to realize that higher education is the unquestionable necessity when bettering our culture and ourselves. We are also beginning to understand that seeking higher education is an opportunity to prepare for a well paying job while realizing family dreams, and learning about ourselves in the process.

A higher education prepares an individual with the tools and skills necessary in securing a good job. Studies consistently show that a member of the workforce with a college degree will likely make more money than those in the workforce without a degree. In 180 a college graduate earned about $4,666 (4%) more than a non-degree holder, and in 17 a degree holder made around $14,745 (74%) more than a person who did not pursue higher education. This gap is continually increasing, and as of now if an individual is not earning 5 dollars an hour ($48,000 a year) they are considered to be "struggling". Therefore, in order for African Americans to successfully compete with our white counterparts in the workforce we must pursue higher education, and higher levels of understanding.

While pursuing higher education and understanding, many individuals realize family dreams and goals. As a child I never thought about how my success or failure in the future would affect my family. It was during my senior year in high school that I finally realized that my mother, as well as other members of my family, wanted me to achieve things far greater than I had ever thought possible. I am one of the five people in my family that is presently enrolled in an institution of higher learning, and there have only been nine who have graduated from a college or university in the past. It is the dreams and goals of my family that motivate me to do better than my best. These dreams keep me going when I feel that I can go no further.

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Pursuing a higher education changes an individual's outlook on life, and elevates their ways of thinking and understanding. This elevation of the mind creates an empowering feeling that comes as a result of what that person has seen and learned. This feeling of empowerment comes as a reward for those who learned more about themselves. Because of this experience, many people will be ready and willing to face challenges head on in the future. A feeling of empowerment also creates a sense of need or desire to become major players in former or new communities in which these individuals reside, and the confidence to do so. This is particularly important in African American communities. It is imperative that we guide and nurture the youth, and encourage them higher goals. African American youth should aspire to become more than just athletes and entertainers. Instilling the importance of education in our youth is the only way that our culture and race will continuously move forward.

In conclusion, when seeking higher education the participants will have the opportunity to learn about themselves, their family, and the goals and dreams of both, while preparing for beneficial jobs.

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The community that I live in is the Coney Island section of Brooklyn. It contains many health care centers such as The Jewish Board of Family and Children 's Services Coney Island Mental Health Clinic, South Beach Psychiatric Clinic, Coney Medical Group, and Coney Island Medical Center. There is one (1) hospital in the neighborhood called Coney Island Hospital, Coney Island Amusement Park and a football stadium called Cyclone. According to the New York City Department of Health, the total population is 86,01.

There are various ethnic groups, 68% are white, 1% are Asian, 10% are Hispanic, 8% are black/African American and there is % of two () or more races not specified. A total of 18% of the population is living in poverty, ages ranging from 5 and older, 1% of the community do not have a high school diplomas and, 1% is either 65 years of age or older.

According to the NYC Department of Health, the health care needs of the community are continuous treatments for lung cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer and prostate cancer ranging in age's 45-64 years of age. Percentage of residents diagnosed with diabetes is 8.6% who also is in need of continuous care.

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The nurses in my community appear to be kind, caring and very professional. The nurses work in the health care facilities, taking vital signs that are noted on the patient's chart before seeing the physician and conduct interviews making sure patient is receiving adequate health care. The nurses also provide health education regarding improving ones condition, recommend community resources and programs available to the patient. The nurses in the community also make home care visits, especially for the cancer patients such services include hospice care.

There are similarities of the responsibilities of the nurses in all communities, I do not feel that there is much of a difference. The only difference is some may have specialized fields such as mental health or hospice.

www.ci.nyc.ny.us/html/doh/pdf/ data/000nhp-brooklyne.pdf

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Foul Water Report

Purpose The purpose of this lab is to purify as much foul water as possible by doing three procedures which are, oil water separation, sand filtration, and charcoal absorbtion/filtration.

Procedure

1. Obtain approximately 100mL of foul water, provided by your teacher. Measure its volume precisely with a graduated cylinder record the value (with units) in your data table.

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. Examine the properties of your sample color, odor, clarity, presence of solids of oily regions. Record your observations in the "before treatment" section of your data table.

Oil water separation

1. Place a funnel in a clay triangle supported by a ring clamp and ring stand. Attach a rubber hose to the funnel tip as shown in figure .

. Close the rubber tube by snipping it with your fingers (or by using a pinch clamp). Shake or stir the foul-water sample. Then pour about half the sample into the funnel and let it stand for a few seconds until the liquid layers separate. (Gentle tapping may encourage oil droplets to float free).

. Carefully open the tube to release the lower layer into a 150 mL beaker. When the lower layer has drained out, quickly close the rubber tube.

4. Drain the remaining layer into a second 150 mL beaker.

5. Repeat the steps -4 using the remainder of your sample, adding each liquid to the correct beaker.

6. Dispose of the top, oily layer as instructed by your teacher. Observe the properties of the remaining layer and measure its volume. Record your observations and data. Save the water sample for the next procedure.

7. Wash the funnel with soap and water.

Sand Filtration

1. Using a straightened paper slip, poke small holed in the bottom of a paper cup. (Fig )

. Add pre-moistened gravel and sand layers to the cup as shown in Fig 4 (the bottom gravel prevents the sand from washing through the holes. The top gravel keeps the sand from churning up when the sample is poured in.)

. Gently pour the sample to be filtered into the cup. Catch the filtrate (filtered water) in a beaker as it drains through.

4. Dispose of the used sand and gravel according to your teachers instructions. Do not pour sand or gravel into the sink!

5. Observe the properties and measure the volume of the water. Record your results. Save the water sample for the next procedure.

Charcoal Absorbtion

1. Fold a piece of filter paper as shown in Fig 5.

. Place the folded paper in a funnel. Wet the paper slightly so it adheres to the funnel cone.

. Place the funnel in a clay triangle supported by a ring clamp so the funnel stem extends - cm inside a 150 mL beaker.

4. Place one teaspoon of charcoal in a 15 50 mL Erlenmeyer Flask.

5. Pour the water sample into the flask. Shake vigorously. Then gently pour the liquid through the filter paper. Keep the liquid level below the top of the filter paper and the funnel.

6. If the filtrate is darkened by small charcoal particles, refilter the liquid. Use a clean piece of moistened filter paper.

7. When you are satisfied with the appearance and odor of your purified water sample, pour it into a graduated cylinder. Observe and record the properties and the final volume of the sample.

8. Wash your hands thoroughly before leaving the laboratory.

Color Clarity Odor Presence of Oil Presence of solids Volume (mL)

Before Treatment Off White Not clear Stink On the top On the bottom 100 mL

After Oil-Water Separation Light Yellow Not clear Not bad No oil On the bottom 85 mL

After Sand Filtration Darker Yellow Not Clear Not bad No oil Few on Top 75 mL

After Charcoal Absorption Pure Clear None No oil None 60 mL

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Ladies and Gentlemen of the Jury, I will be brief. You are about to see the testimonies and the evidence which will convict this man of murder and it is now time for the fate of Macbeth to be decided. I believe beyond reasonable doubt that the defendant Macbeth killed King Duncan, his life-long friend Banquo and Lady Macduff and her children. Over the last six months we have seen Macbeth degrade from a fearless and heroic warrior to a murderer, a conscious villain who felt tremendous guilt after killing his King out of pure greed and desire. His servant overheard Macbeth express his guilt to his wife on the night of the murder "I am afraid to think what I have done; Look on 't again I dare not." Following his crowning, King Macbeth hired three assassins to murder his friend Banquo, in order to protect his crown. It was after the murder of Banquo that Macbeth then turned into an uncompassionate, non-regretful tyrant. This man, once proclaimed a hero, became the aggravation of Scotland and his people. The defence has tried to manipulate facts to persuade you that Macbeth is not to blame for these murders and has placed responsibility for these deaths on everyone from Lady Macbeth to the witches, who occasionally conversed with the accused. The witches did not directly influence Macbeth to assassinate his King, they only speculated as to what the future may hold and these predictions ignited his overwhelming ambition to become King. I have the proof right here in my hand that Macbeth is a cold-blooded murderer. Macbeth used this weapon, which is evidence item #1, and it has been thoroughly examined and the DNA found matches Macbeth's. Speculations that Lady Macbeth is responsible for Duncan's murder have been made by the defence. But blood found on this cloak, evidence item #, hidden in Macbeth's quarters proves without doubt that it was Macbeth who actually committed the murder. The accusations made by Macbeth's lawyer that Lady Macbeth pressured her husband to assassinate Duncan are irrelevant. It is unthinkable that such a brave and courageous soldier could be so weak as to be influenced by his wife to commit murder, unless he had already considered doing it, or had something to gain from the death of Duncan, such as the throne of Scotland. The defense has tried to convince you that Macbeth was insane at the time of King Duncan's murder. If he were not sane, would he have been seen as such a well-loved and daring soldier? Would he have been so respected by his King to be honoured with the title of Thane of Cawdor, had he been ill at mind? These notions themselves are insane! Macbeth was sane and rational at the time of the murder! …Yes, and Macbeth did show signs of disorder and confusion a week after the murder at the banquet. Could an innocent man be driven mad over a period of a week? It was his conscience, which drove him insane! After the intended murders of Duncan and Banquo, the pressures of being King, and the increasing guilt of the murders he had committed, were growing. Overheard by his servant, Macbeth said to his wife "I am in blood, Stepp'd in so far…" The outlet for his rage was Lady Macduff and her family. This pointless, and unprovoked, slaughter shows the cruelty and corruption that has become a part of Macbeth. He did not stand to gain anything from the deaths of these innocent people. No longer was he the honoured soldier, or the compassionate King, but the vicious tyrant. We must stop making excuses for this cold-hearted man. He was not influenced by his wife or witchcraft. He was sane when he brutally murdered his King. He was influenced only by his ambition and greed to become King; he was influenced by his selfishness and desire for power. From hero to merciless tyrant, this is the tragedy of Macbeth. Ladies and Gentlemen, his time has come. Macbeth's fate lies in your hands. I trust that you will make the right judgment.

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Tools once helped early man increase his survivability, and they became more and

more useful as means to achieve our goals. Today, innovations in technology have

allowed us to fabricate tools of increasing complexity. As we recognize that the

most effective tools have human characteristics, such as a computer capable of

Custom Essays on Technology Spontaneously Approaching 'Humanity' With the Passage of Time

learning, we will give our tools these characteristics. If technological

innovations continue, we could actually create tools that are human, or at least

beings that challenge how we define being 'human. Ridley Scotts Blade Runner

and James Camerons Terminator offer two particular scenarios of futures in

which the state of technology gives us the ability to do "questionable things."

As we give our machines selected human characteristics to make them more

efficient, they will tend to discover humanity in their own unique way, rising

above their 'specifications to actually become human.

By definition, tools are designed specifically for certain tasks, and as

technological tools, the T800 and the replicant are deigned to meet specific

specifications. In Terminator , the T800 is a multipurpose cyborg assigned to

save John Connor, given a series of "mission parameters," initially

characterized by his computer logic. He often advises John based on permutations

of the T1000s next move, similar to the way a chess computer decides what move

to make next. Just as the T800 is designed to perform solely as a unemotional

computer, the 'replicants in Blade Runner are designed to work in slavery

without protest. Since its remarked in Blade Runner that humans develop

emotions by existing for a period of time, it is predicted that replicants could

not develop emotions in their four year life span. So its easy for the society

in Blade Runner to equate replicants with machines, indicated so politically by

the term 'retirement. As in Terminator , these manufactured beings are

intended to parallel humans only in efficiency and effectiveness, not in emotion.

Similar in practice to how we solve problems, the T800 is a learning computer,

designed to carry out its objectives dynamically. The Nexus 6 generation of

replicants simulates human intelligence by actually using a human brain, taking

advantage of the human brains innate intelligence and ingenuity. Both the T800s

and replicants were designed to carry out prescribed functions, like any other

machines, enhanced by their creators who foresaw the distinct performance

advantages offered by the human abilities to learn and reason.

Their creators, however, did not anticipate these selected human characteristics

to dynamically grow into other human characteristics. These films document how '

human technology will always assume more human characteristics. They suggest

that to be human is to reach some state of equilibrium. In other words, an

entity initially bestowed with any combination of human related characteristics

will spontaneously approach a more stable state through the passage of time,

like a chemical system out of equilibrium. Just as we grow uniformly content

through our venerable years, artificially created beings grow increasingly human

with age. Roy, designed as a fierce "combat model," has ironically grown to be a

poetically rich man and draws our attention to the pertinent issues of Blade

Runner by the elegant efficiency of his words.

Roy is an excellent case of 'human technology spontaneously evolving to become

truly human. His quest to extend his and his comrades lives shows that he well

understands the richness of life. He relishes every moment of his life, and he

makes tactful commentaries relating them to the irony of his present situation. "

Its not an easy thing to meet your maker," Roy sardonically observes upon

confronting Tyrell, prompting us to consider the implications of such a meeting

between creator and created. Following Tyrells remark, "youve done

extraordinary things," Roy sarcastically replies, "nothing the god of

biomechanics wont let you in heaven for." Roy, resentful that he is arguably

less than human, is using tragic sarcasm to describe Tyrell receiving credit for

Roys accomplishments, like the way an inventor receives credit for his

inventions accomplishments. Roy has become so deeply enriched with the feeling

of being emotionally alive, he sees no better way to express the inexpressible

poetically. In his final soliloquy atop a building in the rain with Deckard, Roy

recounts his most triumphant moments and acknowledges a great sadness within him.

He reluctantly foresees that "all those moments will be lost" at his death,

understanding the tragedy and hopelessness of his and his comrades situation.

Roy has grown into a philosopher, transfixed by his human desire to live like

any other.

Roys comrades also have come so very far. In their few years, theyve grown

dynamically, as any intelligent beings would, to assume a more steady-state we

call 'humanity. As the diversity of their personalities unfolds in Blade Runner,

it becomes clear theyve acquired healthy human qualities. Zhora, a replicant

model designed to kill, ironically chooses to dance for men while Pris, the "

pleasure model," seems to have a more sinister personality, with her painted

face. When Leon discovers his lover, Zhora, was shot and killed by Deckard, a

deep "human" rage consumes him, these emotional responses providing unmistakable

proof for true human qualities that lie beneath.. Once emotionless shells in

their early years, they have spontaneously acquired their own personalities.

The T800, in Terminator , is shown to grow in this same way. However, he grows

to a lesser extent because this film takes place in the infancy of his

development. In Blade Runner, Roy and his comrades have already been alive for

three and a half years, in contrast to the T800s few weeks. When replicants are

created, they have no emotional response and no understanding of humanity

because Tyrell explains these qualities are learned. More specifically, he

describes how emotional response results from accumulated memories. Similar to a

newly created replicant, a newly created T800 acts solely on binary logic

because it has no past experiences from which to draw. Since the T800 and a

replicant start identically in this way, we can treat the two as one and the

same. Therefore, the newly created T800 in Terminator could easily be

substituted with a newly created replicant. Likewise, Roys poetic words in

Blade Runner could very well be the T800s words, provided the T800 has lived

long enough. Between the two films we have a consistent, continuous documentary

of 'human technology from its infancy to its maturity.

The process that causes 'human technology to assume a more true human form is

dynamic, changing at a rate depending on the degree to which it has already

changed. Such a process implies an exponential curve, characterized by a

extremely slow rate of change at the time short after their creation followed by

rapid increases. The T800 is extremely slow to understand Johns justification

for why "you just cant go around killing people," because a purely logical

brain cannot impose new boundaries on its decisions without parameters. In other

words, logical reasoning requires that all its priorities have logical

explanations. Accordingly, the T800 queries to obtain such a logical explanation,

asking "Why not?" Because of the enormous complexity of this issue coupled with

the youth of his own years, John can only reply, "I dont knowyou just cant!"

With such a flimsy logical defense of life, its understandable why the T800

cripples the next potential victim commenting, "hell live." However, when he

restricts his gunfire to subduing gunfire, in the Cyberdyne building scene,

destroying the police transportation and tear gassing the police officers, we

finally see how quickly hes able to learn. Not less than thirty minutes later,

just before the T800 lowers himself to die, he has learned enough to tell John, "

I understand why you cry now." If he would have lived, his growth rate would

continue on its trend, turning from small steps to leaps and bounds.

Tyrell describes memories to be the very heart of emotions. Because replicants

early in their life have no memories, and thus no emotions, society considers

them as mere machinery. As Tyrell recognizes that humans are different from

replicants only by the memories they carry, he designs an experiment to test

this theory. Rachel is an experimental replicant, implanted with false memories

designed to make her believe she grew up like any other. With memories to

furnish her emotions, Rachel was human from the moment of her 'birth. When she

learns of her replicant heritage, she is devastated, as any person would be, and

ironically grieves in human ways. She numbs from the shock, in a haze from her

personal world suddenly crumbling to dust. We would no doubt react in a similar

way if we were suddenly told we were replicants. In other words, even in her

defeat, she brilliantly fits Tyrells "more human than human" slogan. Rachel is

the end stage, the equilibrium stage, of the evolution of 'human technology. At

this stage, she is emotionally complete from a wealth of memories and is

completely indistinguishable from her human creators, for she truly is human.

Just as these films document how 'human technology approaches the state of '

human equilibrium, they support its implications as well. If all 'human

technology will tend to spontaneously approach humanity, then we should

logically see evidence of a turning point a point when the technology denies

its preprogrammed purpose to better pursue human goals. Roy and the others reach

this point when they throw down their enslavement to pursue a more promising and

fulfilling future. Reaching a crossroads in their lives, they chose to pursue

humanity, the moment they chose to hijack their transport shuttle. In a similar

way in Terminator , Skynet, the national defenses intelligent super computer "

"decided our fate in a microsecond" when it initiated a nuclear strike to kill

most of the worlds population. How could a computer grow to make such a

decision? Although John teaches the T800 why its wrong to kill, no one ever

taught Skynet the value of human life, for it was only programmed to preserve

its own. Having not been taught the value of human life, Skynet grew to

misinterpret its purpose of maintaining a strategic superiority over other

powers, deciding the best strategy to assure its own survival was to eliminate

all threats. Like all the 'human technology in these films, it grew in way

related to what it was initially taught, that is, it grew dynamically.

Given the proper time, artificially intelligent technology will always deviate

from its intended purpose to pursue a more preferable existence. Because

Terminator s T800 and Blade Runners replicant both suffer the consequences of

not having memories when they are created, they grow in an identical way. This

justifies why Terminator and Blade Runner are actually different segments

present parts of a single story. Between the two films, they outline three key

phases of 'human technologys spontaneous tendency to reach a more steady state.

It first experiences a period of transition as its mind learns how to understand

philosophical issues, such as how the T800 learns to understand lifes

uniqueness. Next, it dynamically changes as it interactively uses what it has

already learned to learn more. Roy has come infinitely far from a thoughtless

soldier, contemplating the nature of his human surroundings and longing for days

he can peacefully breathe in the world around him. Finally, it lives long

enough,or at least think it has in Rachels case, to truly reach a state of

equilibrium we call 'humanity. Like any state of equilibrium, it is not

possible for the process to be reversed, just as it is not possible to reverse

the beating of an egg. On a smaller scale, each of us converges on a more

tranquil state of mind, perhaps best illustrated by the peaceful smiles we

remember on our grandparents faces. This analysis predicts only one outcome if

the human race develops the ability to create technology capable of learning and

reasoning. Like a marble resting on a slant, if this 'human technology is

subjected to any outside impetus, it will accelerate towards a more stable

ground, a section of asphalt we have colorfully chalked, 'humanity.

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