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A Paper on Learning Styles

La-la-la-la… singing a tune but can't make out its lyrics? What about seeing a person in the mall and swear that you know him but you just can't remember his name? Then I can make an inductive guess that you're a global learner. On the other hand, if you are more likely to remember lyrics and people's names then you must be an analytic learner.

These are examples of learning styles. A learning style is how a person grasps information. It is important for a person to be familiar with his learning style. Knowing this will help him understand how he stores newly absorbed and difficult information and to recalling it as well. As a result, this lets the reader easily comprehend why and how his opinions are formulated. Also this will aid him in speeding up his learning process.

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Knowing a person's learning style is not only for the person himself but also for the teacher. This allows the instructor to choose activities which would be more appealing and helpful to his students. An example of this would be incorporating music to his subject. This approach will be most helpful to global learners who are more apt to audio or an informal setting. On the contrary, analytics favor silence and a formal atmosphere. It was also observed that analytics are compelled to accomplish their task before moving on to the next job where as globals are often found to jump from job to the other before going back to it again to finish it. We cannot say that one learning style is more effective than the other. It is how we deal with the task to be done, in other words working with our learning style.

When I was in elementary, I remember studying while the radio was turned on. I would sit on my desk with a bowl chips or bite from a chocolate bar while reading. I could hardly stick what I was doing. But as I entered high school my old ways has become a distraction to me. I would find it difficult to concentrate when people begin to talk or if someone would turn on the television. Now my studying cannot be done with just a bit of noise. Inductively, I can assume that grade schoolers are often global but as they progress they tend to transform to be analytic.

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If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on The Murder of JonBenet Ramsey. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality The Murder of JonBenet Ramsey paper right on time.

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JonBenet Ramsey's murder still remains a mystery. One still asks the burning question, 'Who killed JonBenet?' Substantial amounts of evidence against JonBenet's parents have made them the primary suspects. Based on neighbors' testimonies, the behavior of the Ramsey's, and the conditions of the ransom note, one can conclude that John and Patsy Ramsey murdered JonBenet.

On Christmas night 16, in a quiet neighborhood in Boulder, Colorado, a beauty queen was murdered. Six-year-old JonBenet Ramsey was found strangled in the basement of her parent's home (Wecht and Bosworth ). There were no eyewitnesses to this horrendous crime. The only valid piece of evidence was a three-page ransom note found on the Ramsey's back staircase.

When questioned by Boulder police, two neighbors claimed that they observed bizarre activity the night of the murder. One woman awoke to a piercing scream just after midnight. She also stated that she heard the sound of clashing metal against concrete. Another neighbor affirmed he saw odd, dim lights coming from the Ramsey's kitchen. Both of the neighbors disregarded these peculiar actions and did not report them to officials (Wecht and Bosworth -10). When questioned by police, the Ramsey's said they did not hear anything unusual or witness anything suspicious.

Neighbors' testimonies were not as incriminating as John and Patsy Ramsey's peculiar behavior. While talking with police, John and Patsy remained calm and did not show any grieving affection or consolation towards each other. JonBenet's mother did not cry as she told police that her daughter had been kidnapped (Wecht and Bosworth 0).

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The Ramsey's told Boulder Police Department the well-known "Intruder Theory." John suggested a kidnapper climbed through a small broken basement window. Officials deemed this tiny gap unlikely. The Ramsey's claimed that they locked the doors the night before but did not turn on the alarm. There were no signs of forced entry into the $700,000 mansion and no footprints in the snow (Wecht and Bosworth 1). The Intruder theory was only one of the tales that the Ramsey's would tell.

Patsy Ramsey gave Officer Richard French two versions of how she found the ransom note. When Officer French first arrived, she claimed that she found the note after she realized JonBenet was missing. Later, she would say that she found the three-page letter on her way to JonBenet's bedroom. The note was found on the back staircase that led to JonBenet's room (Wecht and Bosworth 0-1).

One of the most suspicious events happened when John Ramsey found the body of his daughter while police, family, and friends were in his home. Detective Arndt instructed John to check the house for anything missing or unusual. John and his close friend, Fleet White, went straight to the basement. There were several rooms and many doors but John Ramsey set out to the storage room where his daughter's body would be found (Wecht and Bosworth ). Fleet White had checked the windowless room earlier unsuccessfully.

Police and investigators were in utter shock when John ingeniously disturbed the crime scene. He touched doorknobs, light switches, and the blanket JonBenet was covered with (Wecht and Bosworth ). He ripped the duct tape off of her mouth, unwrapped the cord from her wrist, and carried her upstairs. He placed her in front of the Christmas tree for everyone to see. He destroyed any possible evidence such as hair, semen, or fibers. Several investigators and detectives would later say that John "staged the crime scene" and "got away with murder" by destroying useful evidence that might indict him (Wecht and Bosworth 74).

In an interview with Barbara Walters, the Ramsey's were asked "Why did you leave Boulder so soon after JonBenet's death?" John claimed he tried to fly his family to Atlanta because the police told him to leave immediately. "We had nowhere to go," John said. "We had lived in Atlanta for 5 years." When questioned why the crime scene looked staged, John replied, "If I had staged it, I would've wanted the police to see it as I'd staged it." (Cloud and Walters 50).

The neighbors' testimonies and John and Patsy's strange behavior are all very disturbing, but the ransom note was the most influential piece of evidence against the Ramsey's. Patsy Ramsey found a three- page ransom note on the back staircase of her home around 545 a.m. The note was addressed to 'Mr. Ramsey' and demanded the amount of $118,000 in $0 and $100 bills (Wecht and Bosworth 17). Coincidentally, $118,000 was the same amount of John Ramsey's annual bonus. (Miller and Glick 4). The letter promised a phone call between 8 and 10 a.m. There never was a kidnapping or a ransom call (Wecht and Bosworth 17).

Rumors flew when police discovered an 8.5 x 11 inch legal pad in the Ramsey's home that the ransom note had been torn from. They also found a "practice note" on the page before the note that was torn out. This note was addressed to 'Mr. And Mrs. Ramsey' (Wecht and Bosworth 7-77). A kidnapper would not risk taking the time to sit in the victim's home and write an extensive ransom letter. One would agree that a perpetrator would most likely bring the note with him or her (Schiller 58). In an interview with CNN, the Ramsey's would admit that the note had been written with Patsy's felt-tip pen. (Wecht and Bosworth 51).

Another startling discovery showed that the ransom note had distinct similarities to the movie "Ransom" with Mel Gibson. In the movie, Gibson portrays a rich pilot and businessman, similar to John Ramsey. When his son is kidnapped, Mel Gibson endures an exhausting course of events to get him back. In the ransom note, John is warned to prepare for a rigorous ordeal of physical activity. When Mel Gibson sees his son, his mouth his taped. JonBenet's mouth was taped when John found her. The comparison has led officials to believe that the ransom note was thought up quickly. A true kidnapper would not duplicate a movie (Wecht and Bosworth 77).

Another reason why the ransom note was unlikely written by a kidnapper was the grammar and format. The letter was written with proper borders and paragraphs. It was unusually long for a ransom note and was very professional. It was addressed to 'Mr. Ramsey' and included too many details (Wecht and Bosworth 47).

John and Patsy Ramsey persuaded jurors and were not convicted of their daughter's murder (Glick and Keene-Osborne 6). Six years after JonBenet's death, no arrests have been made. Her murder is a puzzle that is yet to be solved. Based on the evidence, one can construe that JonBenet Ramsey's parents murdered her.

Works Cited

Cloud, John, and Barbara Walters. "Find The Killer." Time 0 March 000 50.

Glick, Daniel and Sherry Keene-Osborn. "No Justice for JonBenet." Newsweek 5 Oct 1 6.

Miller, Mark and Daniel Glick. "The Bogeyman Came." Newsweek 7 March 000 4.

Schiller, Lawrence. "A Death In Paradise." Newsweek 0 Feb. 1 58.

Wecht, Cyril and Charles Bosworth, Jr. Who Killed JonBenet Ramsey? New York Penguin Group, 18.

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If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on impact of blacks on this country. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality impact of blacks on this country paper right on time.

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" The North was the promised land. It was the land of hope. But it was not quite the fulfillment of the promised land as we had anticipated. Yes, they had better jobs, your children could go to better schools, and they could vote. But there were so many other obstacles, like racism the transfer of the Jim Crow of the South, to the racism of the North."

-Timuel Black, historian

In 186 the black population experienced the abolition of slavery by the Emancipation Proclamation, but slavery lasted many years until their arrival in urban America. To understand why they left the rural South we first must go back and review the harsh and unbearable conditions that forced them to migrate.

Even before the Civil War, the Dred Scott Decision showed the situation of African Americans in the United States society. Immediately after the war and after two centuries of slavery white southerners resented not only the emancipation, but also any behavior, words, or attitudes by African Americans implying common humanity or common rights. After few traces of freedom whites stopped the steps toward integration. Unfortunately the freedom of African Americans began in an atmosphere that was as unpromising emotionally as it was economically, and politically. Most southern whites felt it was their duty to "keep blacks in their place", and they did this through violence. Local governments also imposed severe vagrancy laws applied to black adults, compulsory apprentice laws for black children and numerous other statutes and regulations restricting the freedom of choice of the newly freed slaves as to where and for whom to work. In a way the equalized blacks experienced their virtual reenslavement. (Sowell,T.,p 18)

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In the 1880's more than half of all African Americans living in the south worked in agriculture and 0% were domestic servants. Professionals were very rare, and formed only 1% of the population.(Sowell,T.,p 0) Most worked as tenant farmers, and were kept in poverty, because of their illiteracy many African Americans weren't given fair pay for their work however this handicap didn't allow them to know they were being cheated. Even so, the changing character of the American black during these times was reflected in the changing economic relations between the whites and the blacks. The white landowners started to compete for laborers, while the black sharecroppers began having more experience in managing farms, thus leading to more independence for blacks. In 180 one quarter of all black farmers were owners rather than renters, there was also no wage difference between blacks and whites.( Sowell, T.,p 01) Instead the discrimination existed more in the form of the refusal to hire African Americans for good paying jobs, as a result they were bound to their farming and service jobs and not given a chance in other areas. This discrimination could no longer be tolerated by the hard working people of the South. Hearing that the North didn't share most of the same racist values as the south did appealed to most southern blacks. They wanted a chance to of was one of the stepping stones leading to the migration.

The period from 116 to 1, known as the era of the Great Migration, saw a dramatic black migration from the rural South to urban communities in the industrialized North. In the first two decades of the twentieth century, technological innovations, powerful social movements, and political upheaval transformed the United States both abroad and at home. African Americans often found themselves at the forefront of change in the political and economic landscape, as the nation shifted from a predominantly agriculture economy to industrialization. Correspondingly, the black population, once concentrated in the South, moved northward and westward. However these changes did not always take place easily, white mobs still terrorized southern blacks making the decision to move both easier, and more ratifying.

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If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on As an actor what important considerations would you wish to bring to bear in realising the role of Seamus in Shadow of a Gunman. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality As an actor what important considerations would you wish to bring to bear in realising the role of Seamus in Shadow of a Gunman paper right on time.

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If an actor is to play the part of Seamus in Shadow of a Gunman there are many important points they should consider while preparing for the role. O'Casey gives many stage directions throughout the play, he not only describes the set but also exactly what the characters should look like and do, in this way he can manipulate what the audience thinks of the characters. This manipulation is only possible if the characters are as they are supposed to be.

Seamus is a "heavily built man" and must contrast with Davoren in every way. The person playing Seamus would need to be slightly overweight; this would make the incident when his braces snap far more comical. This big 'primitive man' image carries through to his personality; despite being quite a clever man he has a very basic view of the world. This view is a highly cynical one, he is greatly hypocritical in his opinion of the Irish people

'Oh Kathleen Ni Houlihan, your way's a thorny way.'

Here he uses 'Kathleen Ni Houlihan, mother Ireland, and blames her for the problems he is having. This is hypocritical as he is Irish and Kathleen Ni Houlihan represents all Irish people. The audience views another side of his personality when he talks of religion; he rails Catholicism yet he superstitiously clings to it to hide his own weaknesses. All these things are seen in Seamus from the beginning of Act One and the despite having unlikable qualities the audience warms to him. Therefore the actor must consider these things fully in order to receive the acquired opinion from the audience. He must also consider his interior super objective of being extremely unlikable by the end of the play.

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It is later on in the play that the audience view the darker side to Seamus, the actor must ensure that the viewers realise that the qualities they have already seen in Seamus are a few of many. Seamus is a vindictive character and this is seen when he talks of Minnie behind her back, he describes her as an 'ignorant little bitch', she then goes on to give her life up instead of his. Even after Minnie has died he is cold and heartless 'She did it off her own bat-we didn't ask her to do it.' All his bad qualities built up to this and it is at this point that Seamus is more than merely disliked, he is hated.

Seamus achieves a complete loss of dignity in Act two when a shot is fired outside his window. The actor must achieve Reducio ad absurdum as in the script there are many references to his jabbering and stuttering. The fact that he is in bed further reduces his dignity to a child-like status. We see that throughout the play Seamus believes, like a child, that he is safe in his bed when the bombs are found, when the auxiliary enters and the shot. Despite this evident cowardice he resumes his puffed up status when he lies to Mr. Grigson about the way in which he acted when the auxiliary.

The actor playing Seamus must take all these ideas into consideration when preparing for the part remembering that they must be haughty and arrogant but that this is an act put on by Seamus and really he is just a primitive child in reality.

Please note that this sample paper on As an actor what important considerations would you wish to bring to bear in realising the role of Seamus in Shadow of a Gunman is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on As an actor what important considerations would you wish to bring to bear in realising the role of Seamus in Shadow of a Gunman, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on As an actor what important considerations would you wish to bring to bear in realising the role of Seamus in Shadow of a Gunman will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Merry 'War'mas. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Merry 'War'mas paper right on time.

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Dear Home,

They say this one day of the year, this season of joy is meant to bring smiles and love, happiness to those who you feel closely bound to and although I have this thought and many childhood memories of this very merry day, I cannot smile. I cannot laugh. I can only sit here, my skin covered in goose bumps, as I wait. Wait for the dismissal call. Wait for good news. Wait until I get taken away.

I get up every morning to a sky as black as night. I pull my heavily soiled boots onto my already blistered and scarred feet which smell from weeks of not being able to wash. My clothes are damp and torn, and I would sooner give my everything to feel the warmth of a robe and the comfort of a fire.

In fact I am amazed at the thought of you actually receiving this letter, for I am now thirty foot thick in bush . I can't tell whether the sun is shining or if it is actually raining, because no matter where I go it is always dark and wet.

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For six months I have been here (but an eternity has seemed to passed) as Jimmy and I were packed and sent to this place they now name as our home. And already I have bed news.

"Never leave your posts", they said. "We're here to fight as a team. Never be caught alone."

Yet that didn't impact on the enemies strength to sneak up from behind. I was lucky to escape with three other guys on my side. Mum…Jimmy didn't make it through that day. His face was pale, his hand turned red. Jimmy fell to the forest floor and that is where he now lays in rest.

Now, as I watch the days linger by, I wonder of you, my loved ones and how it is each day. Do you hear of what we observe each day? Do you live a normal life? Is it run by this war, like mine? Are you prisoners like the residents that I've seen here?

Nevertheless I know you cannot answer me, but maybe we will meet in our dreams, for as long as I am away, I will never forget your names. I sit back at night, awake, when we have been told to rest, because in all reality we cannot afford to relax.

I think of you and what you are being put through. This war, I know, is harder for you then I, but I will return to see your faces. I will return to live my life.

Stay in good health my friends. In your heart I hope I shall remain,

Samuel

(eternally grateful for your love)

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If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on when blind eyes see. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality when blind eyes see paper right on time.

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The Bell Jar

Essay written by Jen

In the literatures of Flannry O Conner, Revelations; and Cathedral, by Raymond Carver, the main characters are both blind as they go unaware of their own faults and imperfections. The narrator in Cathedral and the main character in Revelation, Mrs. Turpin both have similar traits on how they see themselves as good people, but their actions and words differ from the image that is really visible.

Ruby Turpin is a spiritual critic, she measures all things and people by placing them in a balance weighing them accordingly to her standards. Before going to bed at night instead of praying she

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They come to realize that they are not the perfect individuals they assumed they were.

at the beginning of the story and thenPeoples lives are sometimes measured by what they see shaped through their success and failure in their personal relationships with each other. The author Sylvia Plath demonstrates this in the novel, The Bell Jar. This is the direct result of the loss of support from a loved one, the lack of support and encouragement, and lack of self confidence and insecurity in Esthers life in the The Bell Jar. It was shaped through her success and failures in her personal relationships between others and herself.

Through life, we often lose someone we loved and cared deeply for and supported us through life. This is demonstrated by the loss of a loved one when Esthers father died when she was nine. My German speaking father, dead since I was nine came from some manic-depressive hamlet in the Prussia. (Sylvia Plath page 7.) Esthers fathers death had showed that she was in need of a father figure for love, support and to act as a model for her life. Esther grew up with only the one influence of a parent, her mother.

Often times the loss of a friendship can be a great loss of support and confidence within our lives because we can lose them forever. This is demonstrated when Buddy Willard Esthers boyfriend break up. He told me that his annual fall chest x-ray showed he had caught tuberculosis...in the Adirondacks (Sylvia Plath pg. 58.) Buddy and Esther break up due to the fact that he was not very honest with her in many ways. He did not have the courage to admit to a certain side of his character and not only that Buddy was diagnosed with an illness but he had other relationships aside from Esther. Therefore Esther experienced another loss of a loved one.

Within life, we gain the support from someone that helps us get through life but often times leaves us when we need them most. This is proven when Doreen; Esthers co-worker at the modeling magazine begins to lose contact with Esther through life Doreen is dissolving... none of them mean anything anymore (Sylvia Plath pg.17) Doreen begins to lose contact with Esther throughout life, just when Doreen had opened new doors to her. Esther was coming through a very difficult time in life, when Doreen started drifting away from Esther. Once again, Esther experienced the loss and support of a great friend and advocate.

Ones life is made up by framework. You gather friends and folks together and in this framework it clarifies your identity. You articulate and express opinions. You articulate and express opinions. In framework and talk, you develop behavior patterns and priorities and define framework in terms and languages. Esther did all this in her life. But then she forgot who she was. She forgot her framework of reference and she talks about success and failures and despair.

Individuals, need encouragement and support from loves ones to guide one through life. This is seen in the lack of support and encouragement displayed when Esthers mother fails to support and encourage Esther with her aspirations. No matter what Esther had wanted to do with her life, her Mother had always wanted her to learn the skills of shorthand because she would always have that skill in her life and also that was the one thing her Mother had experienced in life. As a result, her Mother failed to enhance Esther with her aspirations that she wanted from life.

We need the sustenance and assurance from not only loved ones in life, but also from others. This is demonstrated when Jay Cee, Esthers present boss asked Esther what she wanted to do with her life. Esther did not have any solid idea as to what she wanted to do with her life. Youll never get anywhere like that. (Sylvia Plath page 7) Esther did not know what she especially wanted with her life. Jay Cee stated to Esther that not having an idea of what she wants, will not get her very far because Esther is lacking a few skills. Consequently, Esther lacked the support and helpfulness from her friend and colleague.

Throughout life one also needs the motivation and provisions from those that influence ones lives. This is demonstrated by Esthers Class Dean who upheld Esther through her high school years. I had a way of persuading...interesting experiment. (Sylvia Plath page .) Her Class Dean supported Esther in her way of thinking and her thrive for learning which in turn, she was awarded for her learning by receiving many scholarships. Therefore, Esther had the support of her Class Dean in order to help her strive for excellence in life.

Before anything or anyone can have a framework, support or a foundation is needed. Esthers Mom was her primary foundation. Raised her as a single parent from age of nine until adulthood. She guided her through her goals to success, and strengthen her through her failures with support. Jay Cee, Esthers, mentor, understood her strengths and weaknesses. She could provide Esther with every opportunity but failed to realize Esthers insecurity; lack of self confidence and therefore was unable to handle Esther to put her strengths and framework into positive energy to hold up support. Through life, one does have an advocate. The Class Dean always recognized her thirst for knowledge and supported her in any direction Esther wished to learn. Whether she wrote poetry, studied a language or followed a certain course, this Class Dean always gave her the strength to succeed in her goals with a foundation.

All people have strength and weaknesses. Through some of our weaknesses we experience it because of a lack of self confidence. This is proven when Esther wanted to do many things with her life but was not really confident in herself and her work. What do you have in mind... I knew it was true. (Sylvia Plath pg ). She wanted many things in life but really and truly wanted to be a writer or an editor but did not have the poise in herself and did not have the confidence to do the work she wanted to do. Therefore, Esther did not have the self assurance to fulfill her aspirations in life. Esther had submitted an essay in order to get into a writing course at a particular college. ... you didnt make that writing course... I had expected it. (Sylvia Plath page ) After finding out that she had not made the writing course, Esther thought to herself; that even before entering the essay, she knew she would not make the course. Proving that even before entering her essay for the college, she had no confidence in being accepted.

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If you order your custom paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Critical Political Economy. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Critical Political Economy paper right on time.

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Critical Political Economy

A critical political economy can be defined as a theory that identifies a socially critical approach that focuses primarily on the relation between the economic structure and dynamics of media industries and the ideological content of media (McQuail, 000, p. 8). McQuail (000, p. 8) adds that it directs attention to the empirical of the structure of ownership and control of media and the way media market forces operate. The argument that political economy is concerned with the macro-questions of media ownership and control is further supported by Boyd-Barrett and Newbold (15, p. 186), who state that Vincent Mosco defines political economy as 'the study of social relations, particularly power relations, that mutually constitute the production, distribution and consumption of resources including communication resources, but in its more ambitious form, it is the study of control and survival of social life'.

Golding and Murdock (11, p. 18) defines critical political economy along the same line, stating that while mainstream economics sees the 'economy' as a separate and specialised domain, critical political economy is interested in the interplay between economic organisation and political, social and cultural life.

News Industries

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Ownership

From the definitions above, political economy can be summarized as the study of natural laws governing the production and the distribution of wealth in order to create an apt social equilibrium. In short, it can be considered that a political economy approach is mainly for the greater good of the people, or as derived to be so by the powers that be. It explores questions of who owns and who controls the institution of economy, society and culture. In other words, whilst media analysis would study the media text itself in order to determine its content and/or possible meanings, a political economy approach to studying the media would be more interested in looking how economic and political forces frame the mass media.

A political economy approach on news industries focuses mainly on patterns of media ownership and the behaviour of news institutions in relatively liberal versus relatively repressive states (Schudson, 00, p. 4). Ownership of news industries, be it government/state ownership or private ownership, will empower them with the ability to determine what can or cannot be printed. This is why news and the press has become a highly manipulative tool that can influence public opinion on various political positions.

According to Schudson (00, p. 5), some scholars write as if corporate ownership and commercial organisations compromises the democratic promise of public communication but there is evidence to suggest that a total domination by the state, is the worst-case scenario. Waisbord, as quoted by Schudson, concurs and highlights the case of Latin America where government officials benefited more from state-controlled media than did the public. Strong control, censorship and manipulation of the mass media during authoritarian and democratic regimes have deeply discredited statist models.

In this respect, a critical political economy approach tries to form a balance between political ideologies and economic gains. Schudson (00, p. 5) exemplifies this by stating that despite the commercialisation of the popular press there are parties that are willing to compromise. Although commercialisation has resulted in a proliferation of sensational entertainment-oriented tabloids that compete with the established press for advertising revenue, media outlets such as newspapers and broadcasted news remain political organs, by catering to the owner's (the government for example) propaganda needs, but then try to "establish a common ground with the people" by covering popular topics.

However, Schudson (00, p. 5) quotes Zhao who gives the example of China, in which the government realises that the audience for commercial media has grown rapidly at the expense of traditional Party organs. In response, the government decided to air programs that focus on the plight of the people. The program "Focus" has raised critical issues and also conducted investigations of corruption in businesses and government. However, the department that produces it aims to make all journalists to share the same perspective and refrain from airing any segment that could induce political instability. Based on this, some quarters may argue that critical political economy will stifle freedom of expression and subjugate diverse views, thus calling for a more liberal approach. Nevertheless, it would seem that it is only right to apply the liberal political economy approach in this respect. However, a critical political economy approach would underline inequalities that would arise in a liberal market and therefore the need for public intervention. In this case, it is the state who controls media in order for people to take a skewed view of what is deemed to be right. Golding and Murdock (11, p. 5) states that information subsidised include the "entirely healthy distribution of essential information with which to explain and facilitate public policy".

Concentration of Media News Industries

Increasingly, as the media moguls behind the transnational corporations come into power, they fully utilise their control by influencing their news outlets. Franklin (17, pp. 8-) argues that this can be achieved in two ways, reflecting on their concerns with both economic and political matters. Firstly, the owners' economic and financial clout creates the broad context in which a particular news channel operates and secondly, these proprietors may intervene directly to influence the editorial content of their newspapers or programs especially when a particular story threatens their own business or political interests.

The increasing concentration of control and influence in the hands of a few large companies has become quite the norm in recent times. Rising costs, declining revenue and a changing pattern of demand has somewhat forced the process of concentration onto media (Golding and Murdock, 17, p. 07). In the print media, concentration of ownership has long been the trend. Just after World War II, four out of five U.S. newspapers were independently owned. By 18, only one in five was not the property of a chain. In 181, 0 corporations controlled most of the nations 11,000 magazines. Only seven years later, the number shrank to three corporations (McManus, 16).

McManus (16) asks questions on whether the concentration of media ownership a problem, or, more specifically, an ethical problem. On the surface, the creation of media giants may seem to have more to do with business considerations than it does with morality. But media concentration and its effect on the information you need to run your life are worth considering from an ethical point of view, especially as such deals proliferate.

Advertisers

We have established that owners have a large say in the content of the news and current affairs industry. The advertisers also largely determine the critical political economy of the industry. This is because advertisers are the ultimate program funders and their demands for a suitable program environment for selling goods take increasing effect under competitive conditions. Undoubtedly, the most controversial aspect of the relationship between advertisers and news agencies is the suggestion that advertisers might influence editorial content (Franklin, 17, p. 4).

Advertisers do not want programs critical of or threatening to business or whose unconventional ideas disturb large constituencies (Herman and McChesney, 17, p. 140). Herman and McChesney (17, p. 7) gives further proof that there is a correlation between content and tobacco advertising, whereby news and media institutions lessen their willingness to permit discussion of the health effects of smoking. Based on this, it is clear that advertisers have a say in manipulating news and information content, albeit in a discrete manner.

Sovereignty of Consumption

The liberal political economy looks at communications goods just like any other. According to this view, the best way to ensure adequate distribution and production of the general commodities people want is through the market and this applies as well to cultural goods (Golding and Murdock, 11, p. 8). In a way, supporters of liberal political economy believe that there is more to understanding the media than just what the "powers-that-be" wants the public sphere to know.

Golding and Murdock (11, p. 8) adds that in an attempt to contest the apparent simplistic determinism of a view which sees audiences as the passive dupes of all powerful media, some writers have asserted the sovereignty of viewers and readers, to impose their own meanings and interpretations on material which is polysemic in nature. For example, a textual analysis would give a more comprehensive meaning towards news that are broadcasted or printed. According to McKee (17, 001, p. 140), textual analysis would allow one to "make an educated guess at some of the most likely interpretations" that can be made out of the text. In the case of a critical political economy, it only gives a macro view from a singular dimension that does not take into considerations other reason or reasons as to why news is featured in a particular way.

But then again, consumer sovereignty is in any total sense clearly impossible nobody has access to a complete range of cultural goods as and when they might wish, without restriction. The task of political economy, then, is to examine the barriers which limit freedom. It construes such barriers being of two kinds, material and cultural.

Material in this sense means the commodification of media such as news, whereby the privatisation and taxation plays a key role in adding a economic value to cultural goods. Golding and Murdock (11, p. ) state that while many cultural materials are available as public goods, they are for from taxation as a common resource. For political economists, a shift in the provision and distribution of cultural goods from public services to private commodities signals a substantial change in the opportunity for different groups in the population to have access to them. This will create a form of economic imbalance which would lead to an unequal distribution of vital information through news broadcasts because some people cannot have access to them. Golding and Murdock call this an "artificial scarcity", and it is for this reason the political economy of cultural consumption has to be especially concerned with material inequalities.

Conclusion

A critical political economy can indeed explain to a certain degree, how the media work today. It is undoubtedly so that whoever owns the media controls the media, and thus the content of media such as news and current affairs can be slanted towards the political and ideological views of the owner. In this case, it is the state or privatised conglomerates who exercise power over media. Advertisers also have a say in the content of news and information as they play a vital role in providing these industries with the necessary funds they need in order to survive.

The escalating trend of privately owned media has also led to a concentration of media whereby one company can have a stake in different media such as the press, television and radio. This hinders the diversification of content whereby consumers are only allowed to see one view of a current news topic.

However, a critical political economy approach does indeed provide an equal distribution of the ability to access news and information. A liberal political economy approach would create gaps into who has access based on income disparity. The critical approach tries to rectify this by ensuring equality in cultural materials.

In conclusion, news organisations and media systems in general tend to reflect the patterns of the overall political economy in any country. A critical political economy does indeed explain how the media work today, but one needs to look at other approaches as well in order to form a better understanding of media.

Word Count 10 words

References

Boyd-Barrett, O., and Newbold, C., (15), Approaches to Media A Reader, Edward Arnold, London.

Franklin, B., (17) Newszak and News Media, Edward Arnold, London.

Golding, P., and Murdock, G., (11), "Culture, Communications and Political Economy", Mass Media and Society, Edward Arnold, London, pp. 15-.

Golding, P., and Murdock., G., (17), "For A Political Economy of Mass Communications", The Socialist Register, The Merlin Press, London., pp. 07-.

Herman, E., and McChesney, R.W., (17), The Global Media The New Missionaries of Corporate Capitalism, Cassell, London.

McKee, A., (001), "A Beginner's Guide to Textual Analysis", Metro Magazine, No. 17/18, pp. 18-1.

McManus, J.H., (16), "Merger Mania in the Media Can We Still Get All the News We Need?", http//www.scu.edu/ethics/publications/iie/v7n1/mediacon.html, Accessed 17th May 00.

McQuail, D., (000), McQuail's Mass Communication Theory, Sage Publications, Oxford.

Schudson, M., (00), "The News Media as Political Institutions", Annu. Rev. Polit. Sci., No. 5, pp. 4-6.

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Matt was a great soccer player and enjoyed it vary much, from his good olds back when he was paling for the YMCA and his team was on top each year. With him at forward and he's best fried back in goal they were the best pair, now I know how does a goalie be his best friend. Well in soccer the goalie is the most power full person on the team next to the forwards and the defense. The goalie was the main man he was then one that could make or brake that team it was up to him to be the best fit and have the best reflexes in the world. In this case there were the perfect pare, after john made the same he would know that matt would be up at top ready for the ball and he would do any thing to get the ball to matt whether throwing that bal or giving it a good punt. One particular year these two were made MVP of the year, with there team work and there skill in hand they were unstoppable. There season was 15 and 0 the best score that the YMCA has seen in over 0 years. As the years went on there friend ship grew so did the effort of all the players on the team and it was said that there team was the best in the whole county.

As high school can Matt and Johns' friendship was the same and hadn't changed at all, but that now they were in high school and that they had new experiences and new opportunities in life but if any thing were to happen they both knew that there friendship would never change. In the soccer "party's" Matt's brother told him that for very game you win there will be a party and the one who scores that most goals has to take that may shoots of vodka, to Matt he though that his brother was just messing with him.

This game to the school was the most important game of the year and would determine who goes to state. They play till the they couldn't fell there legs. The end of the game the score was to 6 and that got then to state. After the game there was to be a party and both John and Matter were planning on going. They both arrived at eh party and to Matt's surprise they did just what his brother told him about the shots. As Matt looked at the shots and then looked at Matt mad the choice to take the first but then once aging looked at John and told him for the six that went in you have to take six with me. What choices does John have and what one will be the right one?

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"Into the Woods was simply an amazing theatrical performance!

The play combined suspense ,excitement, and fascinatingly realistic set design to captivate the audience. Half way through this play I found myself and my classmates thinking "Wow! What a play! How could anyone dream up such a crazy idea and turn it into a production?" I think this is the first time that I have been taken to this level of astonishment. A kind where it just grabs you and throws you. And it knocks the wind out of you! Steven Sondheim, creator of the play, had obviously mastered the skills needed to make me say this. His style was was like a vinegar in the tomato sauce, a present yet unidentifiable hint, which reminds you of the crafter's care. Even if you could not quite grasp it it was there. Something that made it stand out. His good sense of humor and wit and his superior plot development were blended subtly so that it wasn't to conglomerate. But most importantly, his use of well known characters which made the audience feel as though their family was up on !

stage. The characters were extremely realistic and were an ideal image of the thoughts they seemed to "discharge".

The catalyst of the plot were the main characters which were the baker and his wife, Jack, the witch, Red Riding Hood, the wolf and Cinderella were all major. It is this kind of interdependency that adds so much to this play. It was fascinating to me how much relied upon each character's actions. There was more of a co-operative "essence" about this play than most. The minor characters in this play( the two princes, the giantess, Rapunzel, Snow White, Sleeping Beauty, and the baker's father) were also well done, which I have found in other plays to be "half rate" or quickly whipped up to add a twist which really wasn't a twist at all, but something everybody knew was going to happen to a certain extent. But this thing had been thought about and thought about until it was so there was hardly any way to improve upon it without actually being there with Rapunzel and the baker. There was a sense of excitement with every word and action of the characters that was really refreshin!

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g to me. When discussing dynamics of this play, I would like to type on for ages, since this play was practically the definition of dynamic!

All of the characters in the play were slightly dynamic, because of the fact that the existence of this play is based on change. But the most apparent dynamic characters of the play were Red Riding Hood, because of how she seemingly made a transformation from little girl, who frequently was taken advantage of, to a mature young woman who could fend for herself, Cinderella, because of how at first all she dreamt of was marrying a prince(stereotypical behavior of the time) and then turned into someone who would give anything to avoid a prince, and Jack, because he also had a slight gain of wisdom through the story.

This play was also well rounded, because of the fact that we had all heard the classic stories of the characters. This gave us a sort of distorted insight into the play which actually led to bewilderment( we expected things from the stories to keep happening in the play). But in my belief, the play's characters were all rounded except for the newly introduced, which were the baker's Father and the giantess. However, when you take someone who just hasn't learned a thing about fairy tales and let them watch the

play, the only really round characters are the baker, his wife, The witch and Cinderella.

Techniques of the characters were mainly centered around humor.

Most of the actions of the characters left me laughing yet I would be puzzled at what they did. This was also something the characters focused on. The play almost had a "unsobering" effect on the audience, and you really had to pay attention to what was going on. The confusion, I see, as planned precisely by some strategic tycoon who was trained to accomplish a task at all costs. Steven Sondheim knew what he was doing and also knew that he had achieved perfection.

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In about 56 b.c. a young Indian aristocrat by the name of Siddhartha Gautama grew disillusioned with his privileged existence, renounced his earthly goods and retreated into the life of a wandering ascetic. Seeking spiritual fulfillment, he traveled India exploring and practicing different religions for six years till he eventually found fault with them all. His wanderings continued till one day while meditating in the shade of a bodhi tree he is believed to have "attained enlightenment". He believed he had found a way of living that would lead to true and lasting happiness and end the suffering that is akin to all living creatures. Siddhartha or The Buddha (enlightened one) lived out the rest of his days teaching this particular way of life among his multitudes of followers or his (sangha). His teachings developed into the religion called Buddhism.

The Basics

Four Noble Truths

1. Life is suffering.

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. All suffering is caused by ignorance of the nature of reality and the craving and the attachment and grasping that result from such ignorance.

. Suffering can be ended by overcoming ignorance and attachment.

4. The path to the suppression of suffering is

The Noble Eightfold Path

1. Right Views

. Right Intention

. Right Speech

4. Right Effort

5. Right Livelihood

6. Right Mindedness

7. Right Action

8. Right Contemplation (The practice of meditation.)

Usually divided into three categories that form the cornerstone of Buddhist faith

Morality, wisdom and 'sandhi' or concentration.

The ultimate goal of the Buddhist faith is the release from the endless cycle of death and rebirth by attaining nirvana. Nirvana is a state beyond definition. It is a completely enlightened state where the feelings of hatred, greed and ignorance cease to exist and all that remains is basically a state of total peace. According to Buddhism Nirvana is attainable by anyone who practices the following attitudes known as the 'Palaces of Brahma' loving kindness, compassion, sympathetic joy and self-control.

Some however are unable to pursue the "ultimate goal" of attaining Nirvana. For them the ___ goal of better rebirth through karma is an option

The Five Precepts, as follows are basically the "Ten Commandments" of Buddhism, their moral code. They are as follows

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1. Definition of absence and a national overview

Definition

According to ACAS (001) absence can be categorised as follows

ɨ Unauthorised absence (including lateness)

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ɨ Certificated sick leave

ɨ Uncertificated sick leave

Most types of authorised absence including holidays, jury service etc can be anticipated and organised in advance in response to the needs of the organisation and the worker.

Cascio (000) defines absence as "any failure to report for or remain at work as scheduled, regardless of the reason." It is a voluntary absence that excludes annual leave, statutory holidays, strikes and industrial action, statutory time off, special leave and personal domestic leave. Cascio (000) raises an interesting and fundamental idea. The concept of absenteeism is rendered meaningless in 'knowledge environments', whereby individuals are measured not by tasks they perform but the end results achieved. Results achieved by the 'knowledge worker' is the only barometer of performance used by management. For the purpose of this report then the incidence and related issues of absenteeism will be considered in terms of work environments where workers are scheduled to report to a location and where attendance is one of many possible measures of performance.

National overview

The following paragraphs will provide the reader with a statistical, economic and political framework in relation to which the concepts and models described in sections , and 4 can be analysed and contextualised.

According to Bevan and Hayday (001) employers have become noticeably more concerned about the levels of sickness absence and their ability to influence it in the workplace. They cite four main reasons for this change of attitude. Fear of litigation is key. Employers have a more explicit 'duty of care' towards their employees. They argue that both UK and EU legislation have made employers infinitely more aware of the need to protect the physical and psychological wellbeing of their employees. They cite the increase in Employee Assistance Programmes (EAP's) as an indicator of the increase in employers concern for the workforce. The second major reason suggested is the increased competitive pressure on businesses to maximise every contribution to labour productivity. Achieving high levels of attendance has become a pre-requisite for such improvements. Thirdly the increasing workforce diversity has complicated working and attendance patterns. Costs incurred by businesses as a result of absence have also increased. The reasons for this according to Bevan and Hayday are two-fold; Government changes to Statutory Sick Pay in April 14 has resulted in all but the smallest employers absorbing the cost of administering and paying SSP, and there is also a greater awareness of the direct costs associated with absence and acknowledgement of the hidden costs.

The third national survey of sickness absence policy and practice conducted by CIPD in 00 indicated that the mean rate of sickness absence among employers who participated was 4.4% of working time, or 10 working days per employee based on a working year of 8 days. The average rate was just under 4% of working time or around working days in 001. The survey highlights both sectoral and regional differences. The highest levels of absence were found in particular parts of manufacturing, particularly food, drink and tobacco with an average of 6.4% of working time lost per year or 14.6 working days lost per employee; public sector employers lost 5.5% of working time per year or 1.5 days per employee. The survey findings show lower absence levels in the SouthEast (.6%) than in other parts of the UK. For example the average absence levels for employers in Wales is 5.1% and for the NorthEast 5%.

According to the Health and Safety statistics 001/00 report, the terms occupational or work related ill health cover the wide range of diseases and disorders which can be said in some cases to be attributable to a person's work. The report presents the available statistics on occupational ill health in Great Britain using five sources of information.

In 15 an estimated million individuals in Great Britain were suffering from an illness which they believed was caused by their current or past work, resulting in an estimated 18 million working days lost. The most common types of illness were musculoskeletal disorders affecting an estimated 1. million people and stress, depression anxiety or other stress ascribed conditions affecting a total of over 0.5 million people. An estimated 7800 new cases of work related musculoskeletal disorders were reported to the ODIN surveillance schemes in 000, 6600 cases of work related stress and mental health problems, an estimated 800 new cases of occupational asthma, 400 of contact dermatitis and 560 cases of occupationally acquired infections were also reported to ODIN in 000.

The European Foundation's 16 survey on working conditions in the European Union as cited by Cox et al (000) revealed that % of the workers questioned believed that their work affected their health. The most frequently mentioned problems were musculoskeletal complaints (0%) and stress (8%). % of respondents said they had been absent from work for work related health reasons during the previous 1 months. The average number of days absence per worker was 4 days per year, which represents around 600 million working days lost per year across the EU.

Statistics on the incidence of occupational ill health are particularly important on the context of the targets which have been recently set by the Government's Revitalising Health and Safety and Securing Health together strategies (000). The national targets to be met by 010 are

ɨ A 0% reduction in the incidence of work related ill health

ɨ A 0% reduction in ill health to members of the public caused by work activity

ɨ A 0% reduction in the number of work days lost due to work related ill health

ɨ Everyone currently in employment but off work due to ill health or disability is, where necessary, made aware of opportunities for rehabilitation back into work as early as possible

ɨ Everyone currently not in employment due to ill health or disability is, where necessary and appropriate, made of and offered opportunities to prepare for and find work

The Government estimates that in present value terms, the gross benefits to society of reaching three of the targets may be between £8.6 - £1.8 billion by 010.

In 15/6 HSE using a total loss approach estimated costs to individuals, employers and society of workplace injuries and non-injury accidents and work related ill health for Great Britain. The findings are summarised as follows

ɨ The net cost to individuals of workplace injuries and work related ill health was estimated to be £5.6 billion.

ɨ The total cost to employers was estimated to be between £.5 - £7. billion a year, which was equivalent to between £14 - £7 per person employed.

ɨ The overall cost to the British economy of all workplace injuries and work related ill health in 15/6 was estimated to be £4.4 - £8.6 billion.

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Introduction

Multiple Sclerosis is a demyelization disorder of the central nervous system and the spinal cord; which leads to patches of plaques in the regions of the brain and spinal cord. (Stedman's Medical Dictionary, 000) There are many types of multiple sclerosis, however the severity and type of multiple sclerosis depends upon the size and location of the plaque.

There are five common types of multiple sclerosis 1) Benign Sensory multiple sclerosis, which is a form of multiple sclerosis that does not get worse and is usually accompanied with numbness and blurred vision. ) Benign exacerbating/remission Multiple Sclerosis, fluctuates but comes closely back to baseline after the attack. ) Chronic Relapsing-Progressive Multiple Sclerosis is another type of MS where patients' symptoms worsen after the attack. 4) Chronic Progressive Multiple Sclerosis is a progressive condition where symptoms get worse without a distinct attack. 5) Acute Progressive Multiple Sclerosis involves a rapidly progressive downhill course, where the symptoms become more and more severe.

Causes of multiple sclerosis may vary; however, research has linked many different causes to the onset of MS. Causes may include a virus causing demyelization, violent trauma to the head or spinal cord, and or an immune system attack which cause the body to attack the myelin sheaths around the neurons in the ascending and descending pathways.

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The most common symptoms and limitations for multiple sclerosis patients are fatigue, muscle weakness, difficulty walking, and loss of vision (Silverthorn, 18). Patients may also experience stiffness and spacticity, balance and coordination impairment, bladder or bowel dysfunction, cognitive or emotional disturbances, or pain. Each individual may experience one or more symptoms sporadically, with temporary periods of remission (Whitney, 001). Thus, limitations depend on the severity of the MS or if the MS is in remission or exacerbation state.

Since MS is a neurological disease, many limitations are caused by a lack of neuromuscular control. One limitation for MS patients is spacticity. Since the patient becomes more spastic and loses control of voluntary muscle, it becomes harder for them to control desired movement plans. Gait becomes a problem because the MS patient cannot always control the appropriate muscles needed to effectively and efficiently loco mote.

Efficiency of movement is also a limitation among patients with MS. Most MS patients become tired or weak due the amount of energy it takes to control muscle activity. Weakness is due to poor transmission of electrical impulse, thus server uphill locomotion may only fatigue the nerve and further increase the muscle weakness. However, Randall and Schapiro found that patients with MS who perform well balance exercises that involve weight lifting or repetitive movements of muscles to the point of fatigue do not increase their muscular strength. Rather they increase weakness and fatigue. (Randall & Schapiro, 14)

Fatigue is another limitation for patients with MS because it makes it difficult to maintain proper workout intensity. Muscle fatigue leads to unproductive gait as well as putting the patient at a higher risk of injury due to the fact that fatigue often leads to nausea and disorientation. This in turn could lead the MS patient to even higher risk of injuring themselves because they are even less aware of there surrounding environment.

Another limitation for MS patients is muscle weakness. For many MS patients pain becomes a major issue as the condition begins to worsen. Thus, this causes muscle to weaken dramatically due to the fact that pain causes the patients to move less, and in turn leads to muscle atrophy. Since there is a decrease in muscle mass and strength the ability, gait also becomes altered

In 176, Baum and Rothschild found that 1,000 people were reportedly diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. Female were 1.7 times more likely than a male to be diagnosed, and a non-white person was half as likely to be diagnosed versus a white individual. Those living in areas considered as "high risk" were 1. times as likely to be diagnosed with the disease. "Prevalence rate by age rose sharply from the group below 0 years old to the 0- age groups, and then rapidly decreased for those 60 years and older (Baum and Rothschild, 181)." More recently, from 10 to 1, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported 180,000 new cases of MS, with 50,000 to 50,000 Americans living with the disease at that time. Women were stated to be three times more likely than men to get MS (Whitney, 001). Over time it seems the prevalence of this disease has not increased sharply within the general population of Americans, although the likelihood of a female being diagnosed with the disease is increasing. This may be due to environmental or genetic risk factors.

Purpose

Locomotion is the most basic and yet most essential part of a human transportation. The purpose of this paper is to focus on how Multiple Sclerosis effects gait pattern.

Literature Review

In a study by Goldfarb & Simon 184, research was conducted for the purpose of looking at the relationship between Amyotrophic MS and walking performance. They studied 7 women and 17 men who were all within normal height/weight ranges (all subjects were within 15 pounds of a standard height weight table). This was used to rule out obesity. Subject's ages ranged from 1-81 years.

Eight muscles were identified for either the swing phase or stance phase. Swing muscles were anterior tibialis, hamstrings, quadriceps and hip flexors; Stance muscles included the gastronomies, quadriceps, adductors, gluteus medius and gluteus maximums.

Goldfarb, et al found that patients with Amyotrophic MS spend less time in the swing phase and more time in stance phase. Therefore, walking velocity decreased in patients Amyotrophic MS. They also found there was no correlation between velocity of walking and the following 1) the number of months since patient was diagnosed, ) pulmonary function and ) the type of neurological involvement (Goldfarb & Simon 184).

Another study on MS looked at the effects of an aquatic exercise program on gait parameters. 11 patients with MS volunteered for the study but two quit before the final test. All subjects participated in a 10 week aquatic exercise program consisting of aqua-calisthenics and freestyle swimming. Three sixty minute exercise sessions were held each day and exercise intensity was 60% to 75% sub maximal (Gehlsen, et al 186)

Results indicated patients with MS showed decrease in stride length, slower free speed walking rates and higher walking cadence than those patients without MS. They also found that patients with MS have less vertical lift when walking.. Thus, according to there research aquatic fitness programs have no major effect on improving or impairing studied gait parameters.

A study by Rodgers et al 1 also looked at gait characteristic before and after a six month aerobic training program. 18 patients (14 female and 4 male) with different stages of MS were studied. The exercise program consisted of a cycle ergo-meter protocol in which the subjects exercised three times a week for 0 minutes maintaining a heart rate in and around 65 to 70% (Rodgers, et al 1). The subjects used a combined arm/leg ergo-meter for a total of 4 weeks.

They found that there was an increase hip abduction/adduction and internal/external rotation indicating that a specific range of motion pattern was favorable due to exercise. They also found that patients with MS have an increase tightness of the hip flexors.

However, because of the nature of the disease they were only able concluded that because neurological decline from MS occurred within the 6 month time frame for several subjects, it was difficult to differentiate the effects of intervention by exercise, form changes in status resulting from progressive of the disease (Rodgers, et al 1).

Frzovic, Morris & Vowels 000 looked at standing balance performance in patients with MS. Twenty eight subjects were used, 14 with MS and 14 without MS (14 control subject matched for age, gender and height). In this study subjects were measured on their standing balance with feet apart, feet together, stride stance, double support stance, single support stance and self generated perturbations.

Results illustrated that there were no differences between MS and the MS control group on the ability to maintain standing balance with feet apart, feet together or in stride stance. Patients with MS performed more poorly than control subjects in double and single leg stance and in the functional reach test, arm test, step test and in response to external perturbation (Frzovic, Morris & Vowels, 000)

Not only was research conducted on the effects of MS on exercise and balance. Research was also conducted on the effects of drugs on MS and its effect on gait parameter. Several forms of treatment for the symptoms and progression of MS are currently being researched. For example, low-dose oral methotrexate (MTX), human interferons (IFNs), and the drug cladribine have all been approved to treat MS. Use of oral methotrexate was studied by Goodkin, et al. (15) in an attempt to find a drug less toxic than drugs copolymer 1 and interferon beta-1b. A study conducted by Orsnes, Sorensen, Larsen & Ravnborg 000 looked at the effects of baclofen on gait. 14 patients aging from 4-57 were studied. The study was a placebo-controlled, double-blind cross-over study, all patients were either assigned to baclofen or placebo. Doses of 5mg times a day were taken, after 11 days measurements were taken, followed by a two week wash out period. After which the seven placebo patients were given baclofen and seven baclofen patients were given the placebo.

Results revealed that there was no significant difference between baclofen and placebo treatment in postural and gait instability with open and closed eyes (Orsnes, Sorensen, Larsen & Ravnborg 000). Thus, they concluded that the effects of baclofen on gait in treatment of spacticity was not evident in their study

Conclusion

MS is a severe demyelization disease that has numerous effects on the human body's functional ability. In the research discussed it is evident that gait patterns in patients with MS are determined by the progression to the disease, rather then exercise and training. Research concluded that aerobic and aquatic training have little to no significance in the maintance of gait patterns in MS patients. Drug therapies have more side effects then benefits. For example, Orsnes, Sorensen, Larsen & Ravnborg 000 found that nine patients reported side effects of fatigue dizziness, nausea, bad temper, diarrhea and more frequent urination. Also the study found that the drug had also little to no effect on maintance of gait patterns

Furthermore, according to the research, destruction of myelin on the axons is thought to be due to the development of lesions in the central nervous system. Loss of myelin makes it difficult for people suffering from Multiple Sclerosis to perform control voluntary movement (gait). This is because the axon potentials that are transmitted from one neuron to another in a healthy individual are lacking the insulation of myelin, which then delays conduction.

Impaired walking ability in spastic patients is probably caused by decrease voluntary force in the dorsiflexor muscles, increased passive stiffness of the ankle joint and increased threshold of the stretch reflexes along with impaired modulation of the H-reflex (Sinkjaer, Anderson & Nielsen 16)

It is clear that further research must be conducted in order to find a cure or a form of inhabiting the onset of MS. Discovery of a medication that treats all symptoms and slows the progression of the disease internally to improve movement function would be ideal. For many sufferers of MS, the disease goes into remission frequently. With a drug that treats the disease as a whole would allow patients to be able to live symptom free live as well maintain there normal gait pattern.

References

• Buam, H.M., Rothschild, B.B. The Incidence and Prevalence of Reported Multiple Sclerosis. Ann Neurol 181;1040-48.

 Frzovic D, Morris ME, Vowels L. Clinical tests of standing balance performance of persons with complex multiple sclerosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 000; 81 15-1.

 Gehlsen G, Beekman K, Assmann N, Winant D, Seidle M, Carter A.,. Gait characteristics in Multiple Sclerosis Progressive changes and effects of exercise on parameters. Acta Phys Med Rehabil 186, 67 56-5.

 Goldfarb BJ, Simon SR Gait patterns in patients with amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 184; 65 61-65

 Goodkin, D.E., et al. Low-Dose Oral Methotrexate. Ann Neurol 15;7;0-40.

 Orsnes GB, Sorensen PS, Larsen TK, Ravnborg M. Effects of baclofen on gait in spastic Multiple Sclerosis patterns. Acta Neurol Scand, 000 101 44-48.

 Rodgers M, Mulcare J, King D, Mathews T, Gupta S, Glaser R. Gait characteristics of individuals with Multiple Sclerosis before and after a 6-month aerobic training program. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 1; 6 18-188.

 Sinkjaer, Anderson & Nielsen. Impaired stretch reflex and joint torque modulation during spastic gait in multiple sclerosis patients. Journal of Neurology 16; 4 566-574.

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Cinderella is a fairy tale which has been appropriated many times over hundreds of years. The numerous changes to suit the changing social attitudes are evident when Walt Disneys version is compared to that of Perraults.

Not only the content is changed but for the 0th century audiance of toddlers the entire purpose of the tale is changed. Traditionally the fairy tale is focused on a moral; messages of punishment for bad, selfish behaviour are given through the fate of the step-sisters. The tale was told corresponding with the attitudes of the time, the theory that children should be seen and not heard. Cinderella was a story read to children as a prime example of the fatealistic punishments for bad behaviour.

Disney took the tale and adapted it for film, making the rags to riches transformation a large, magical event and creating a dream world for children to escape & imagine fantastical things. THe story retains a sort of moral lesson while adding emphisis on the entertainment value, the modern fairytale is used as a tool for stimulating the youths imagination and creating an opportunity for a family occasion for parents to share in the magical experience with their children.

The moral which remains has also been changed. THe focus is shifted from teh punishment of bad behaviour seen in Perraults version by the doves pecking out the eyes of both step sisters. Disney changes this to an ending far less violent and emphasises Ciderelllas reward for her kind spirit and persistance, this shows two shifts in the social attitudes. Firstly that it is more benificial to reward good than punish bad, this can be seen in society today as we condemn the smaking of our children. Secondly it shows a change in attitudes towards violence, blood and gore. The graphic images of the stepsisters eyes being pecked out, and cutting of their toes and heels to fit the glass slipper are omittted from the Disney version as society agrees that the violent and grusome naturre of these events are not aceptable for viewing by young children.

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The Lord of the Rings trilogy is very much more than an adventure story. In fact, J.R.R. Tolkien intended the novels have a greater message regarding the powers of love and truth. These underlying themes run throughout all three books, and nowhere are they more apparent than in the relationship between Arwen, the elf maiden, and Aragorn the human king in the Tale of Arwen and Aragorn. Through them Tolkein shows the reality of love as an ultimately triumphant force that has to endure many trials in order to achieve bliss. In the creation of his thoroughly believable world, Arwen and Aragorn exemplify the elements of love, loyalty, and sacrifice that Tolkein believes to be inseparably linked to the human experience.

The sacrifice of loving is apparent by the choices that Arwen makes in order to pursue her relationship with Aragorn. Arwen is to leave Middle-Earth and depart to the Grey Havens, but instead gives up her family to stay with the man she loves. Arwen not only loses her family but also gives up her Elven immortality to become a mortal woman, which is a very big sacrifice.

As Arwen shows the characteristics of sacrifice, Aragorn personifies loyalty. Aragorn remains loyal to Arwen even though he is many miles away. Aragorn's fidelity shows itself in the virtue of patience as well. He first falls in love with Arwen when he is twenty-years old, but she does not return his love until twenty-nine years later after he has grown as a warrior and leader. Despite the passage of three decades, his love never falters.

When analyzing Robert Solomon's essay "Love Stories", I could not help but disagree with him. Robert Solomon writes in his essay about how we all are trying to lead a love life of that in a romantic typical fairy tale love story. Solomon states that many dangers await for those whose love and marriage is formed by fiction. Solomon adds that living life with passion and romance, like a love story is not the way love is in reality and will haunt those down the road. Solomon also adds that our idealized story book romance is so different and so detached from the real story of love. That the romance and passion two people feel is unrealistic and the love we are destined to have is a dull tale of domesticity and endurance, is empty and lacks the excitement and we all long for.

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Solomon tries to state that the romantic story is all about the thrill of new found love, so suspenseful and full of excitement that it cannot bear the weight of the future, cannot continue and will eventually fade.

I do not agree with Robert Solomon's essay because I do believe in love stories, like the Tale of Arwen and Aragorn. I believe this love story is truly how love is supposed to work and could if one will let it. The story is based on the reality of love, in which two people have to work together and work hard to overcome the hardships that come along with every day life to find the true love that binds them together. This love story shows that real life love can have romance and passion that could last forever, along with the reality of sacrifice, pain, trust, honesty, loyalty and patience.

People need to learn that with love there comes many commitments. That just because later in a relationship there is the coping with every day life, raising kids and work, does not mean one should give up in trying to preserve the love, passion and romance in their relationship that was once there.

The one piece of writing I do agree with in Robert Solomon's "Love Stories" is when he states that the truth is, all of us do have to create our own story, our own romance. Solomon could not be anymore right in saying this. For it is all upon the two people in a relationship to decide the fate of their future and what direction their own love is headed.

The Tale of Arwen and Aragorn most definitely proves that finding true love is not easy, and there are many challenges and ups and downs along the way. I am one to believe that love can withstand all trials personified by ordeals in which not only Aragorn and Arwen experience, but all of us go through to hold on to the ones we know we truly love, and can never lose.

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The Earth

The earth is a spherical spaceship held in orbit round the sun by the pull of gravity. The atmosphere and everything on earth is held to it by gravity. The gravitational force also crushes the earth itself so that the rocks inside are very dense.

Inside the earth there are three main layers, as shown

The core is very hot metal, mostly iron and nickel. Most of it is liquid, but the centre is under such high pressure that is solid. The earth's magnetic field is probably due to currents in the core. The core is hot because it is radioactive.

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The mantle is mostly solid rock but some of it is slushy a mixture of solid and hot molten (liquid) rock rather like lava from a volcano. The mantle can move very slowly in giant convection currents.

The crust is a very thin solid layer like the shell on an egg.

The Earth and Sun

The earth moves round the sun in an orbit which is almost a circle. The earth is pulled into this orbit by a centripetal force. This force is the gravitational force between the mass of the sun and the mass of the earth.

At the equator where the earth's surface is facing the sun it looks bright but near the poles the surface is curved away and so the energy is spread out more.

The Seasons of the Year

In fact the earth's axis is not at right angles to the orbit as you might have assumed. It is tilted at an angle of half degrees.

Look carefully at how much of the suns energy arrives at the northern hemisphere at different times of the year. This explains three things

1. When the northern hemisphere is facing away from the sun it is winter. Six months later half an orbit it is facing towards the sun in summer

. The sun appears higher in the sky in summer it has a higher elevation above the horizon.

. Daylight lasts for more hours in summer.

Earth and Moon

The moon is a stark and hostile world its mass is smaller than the earths so its gravitational field is less. It is only one sixth of the earth's field because its gravity is less all the molecules of gases have escaped so it has no atmosphere. The moon is a satellite in circular orbit round the earth trapped by gravity. One orbit of the moon takes 1 month

It shines by reflecting the light from the sun. It orbits the earth once every 7 days it also spins on its axis once everyday 7 days. This is why it always keeps the same side towards us.

The moon looks different to us at different times of the month. It has phases. The diagram shows the moon at 8 different positions round the earth with the 8 phases.

The Sun

The sun is a star like the others that we see at night. Compared to other stars the sun is very ordinary and average.

The sun is not burning like a fire- it is a huge controlled hydrogen bomb. The core is at a temperature of 14 degrees million c and at very high pressure. The hydrogen atoms are broken into pieces which smash into each other at high speed. This can make the pieces of hydrogen atoms join together and become helium.

each time this happens some mass is lost. It reappears as energy. This is nuclear fusion

Hydrogen.........helium + energy

The sun is using up its mass at the rate of 4 million tonnes each second. it has been doing this for 4500 million years, but is still only half way through its life time. It is a middles aged star.

The huge amount of energy is radiated out from the core. Some of this energy eventually arrives on earth keeping us alive

Inside the sun there is a constant battle of forces the pull of gravity is trying to crush the sun while the energy from the very hot core is trying to make it expand. As long as these forces are balanced, the star is stable. Eventually it will run out o fuel and change to another kind of star

Sun spots are slightly cooler areas on the suns surface they are only at 4000 degrees c

Sun spots come and go being common every 11 years it is possible that the suns power may vary slightly from time to time affecting the earths weather perhaps even causing the ice ages.

In the night sky the other stars appear to form patters called constellations

Some famous oines are Cassiopeia and the plough.

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