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" The North was the promised land. It was the land of hope. But it was not quite the fulfillment of the promised land as we had anticipated. Yes, they had better jobs, your children could go to better schools, and they could vote. But there were so many other obstacles, like racism the transfer of the Jim Crow of the South, to the racism of the North."
-Timuel Black, historian
In 186 the black population experienced the abolition of slavery by the Emancipation Proclamation, but slavery lasted many years until their arrival in urban America. To understand why they left the rural South we first must go back and review the harsh and unbearable conditions that forced them to migrate.
Even before the Civil War, the Dred Scott Decision showed the situation of African Americans in the United States society. Immediately after the war and after two centuries of slavery white southerners resented not only the emancipation, but also any behavior, words, or attitudes by African Americans implying common humanity or common rights. After few traces of freedom whites stopped the steps toward integration. Unfortunately the freedom of African Americans began in an atmosphere that was as unpromising emotionally as it was economically, and politically. Most southern whites felt it was their duty to "keep blacks in their place", and they did this through violence. Local governments also imposed severe vagrancy laws applied to black adults, compulsory apprentice laws for black children and numerous other statutes and regulations restricting the freedom of choice of the newly freed slaves as to where and for whom to work. In a way the equalized blacks experienced their virtual reenslavement. (Sowell,T.,p 18)
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In the 1880's more than half of all African Americans living in the south worked in agriculture and 0% were domestic servants. Professionals were very rare, and formed only 1% of the population.(Sowell,T.,p 0) Most worked as tenant farmers, and were kept in poverty, because of their illiteracy many African Americans weren't given fair pay for their work however this handicap didn't allow them to know they were being cheated. Even so, the changing character of the American black during these times was reflected in the changing economic relations between the whites and the blacks. The white landowners started to compete for laborers, while the black sharecroppers began having more experience in managing farms, thus leading to more independence for blacks. In 180 one quarter of all black farmers were owners rather than renters, there was also no wage difference between blacks and whites.( Sowell, T.,p 01) Instead the discrimination existed more in the form of the refusal to hire African Americans for good paying jobs, as a result they were bound to their farming and service jobs and not given a chance in other areas. This discrimination could no longer be tolerated by the hard working people of the South. Hearing that the North didn't share most of the same racist values as the south did appealed to most southern blacks. They wanted a chance to of was one of the stepping stones leading to the migration.
The period from 116 to 1, known as the era of the Great Migration, saw a dramatic black migration from the rural South to urban communities in the industrialized North. In the first two decades of the twentieth century, technological innovations, powerful social movements, and political upheaval transformed the United States both abroad and at home. African Americans often found themselves at the forefront of change in the political and economic landscape, as the nation shifted from a predominantly agriculture economy to industrialization. Correspondingly, the black population, once concentrated in the South, moved northward and westward. However these changes did not always take place easily, white mobs still terrorized southern blacks making the decision to move both easier, and more ratifying.
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