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The Internet, Pornography, and Children

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The Internet, Pornography, and Children


Why should anyone be concerned about pornography on the Internet? After all, this is a


free country and everyone should have access to anything they want, right? This position would


be true if only adults used the Internet; it can not be true when children also use the Internet.


Cheap custom writing service can write essays on The Internet, Pornography, and Children


Most people would agree that children should not have access to Internet sites that are


considered pornographic. Does that mean that children should not be allowed Internet access or


that the Internet should not have pornographic sites? Of course it doesn't mean that! What it


does mean is that the issues arising from the mixture of children and Internet should be dealt


with and not ignored.


This paper will attempt to intelligently discuss some of those issues. Areas covered will


include what the Internet is, risks to children who are viewing the Internet, what pornography is,


and laws concerning child pornography (in general and over the Internet). Additionally, the


number, content, and accessibility of pornographic sites will be discussed. Lastly, this paper will


discuss what measures can be taken to protect children from pornographic Internet sites.


What exactly is the Internet? It is a global network of computers used to transmit all


types of data between computers. Text, numbers, programs, illustrations, photographs, audio,


animation, and video can all be transmitted over the Internet. Contrary to what some people may


think, the Internet is not a single computer nor is it a single service. The Internet is not owned by


or governed by anyone. It exists solely through the support of the companies and institutions that


access it.


Though the Internet seems relatively new, its roots actually start in the 160s. In 16,


the Department of Defense started the "ARPANET" project. ARPANET was a decentralized


computer network that was used to link military researchers at four universities. The Internet


later evolved out of ARPANET. Funding from the National Science Foundation in the 180s


eventually led to the Internet being opened to commercial traffic.


Services provided over the Internet include the World Wide Web, electronic mail (the


most popular service), Newsgroups, and Chat. For one computer to communicate with another


computer on the Internet, both computers must be connected to the Internet. Connection to the


Internet can come from commercial online services or through Internet service providers.


Generally, home users connect to the Internet via the commercial online services over regular


phone lines. Some of these services include Prodigy, CompuServe, and America Online.


Businesses, universities, government agencies, and the like, often have direct connection to an


Internet provider over high-speed digital lines. Some of these providers include Netcom and


PSI.1


The number of adults online in the United States by the end of 18 has been estimated


as low as 44 million and as high as 80 million. At the end of 17, the number of children


online was almost 10 million. It is estimated that by the year 00, 45 million children will be


online. While it is not clear how many these children have access to the Internet at home, it is


clear what percentage of them have access at school. Currently, about 81.8% of all American


schools have the Internet. It is estimated by the end of the 18-1 school year, about 5.%


of all American schools will be hooked up to the Internet.4


There are risks to a child that a parent should consider before allowing the child to


access the Internet. Some of the risks include the following


1. Exposure to material that is sexual, hateful, or violent in nature and the possible


encouragement of illegal or dangerous activities.


. The safety of a child and/or a child's family could be compromised by the child


providing information or arranging to meet a person they have met over the Internet.


. A child could be exposed , through e-mail or chat/bulletin board messages, to


disturbing, demeaning, or aggressive material.


4. Legal issues resulting from a child using a parent's credit card or violating another


person's rights.5


Children's access to pornography on the Internet (risk #1) is a concern of a lot of


parents. Pornography is defined as "1.Pictures, writing, or other material that is sexually


explicit and sometimes equates sex with power and violence. .The presentation or production


of this material." 6 Of course, that definition is from a standard dictionary. What is considered


pornographic usually depends on the individuals judging the material.


Child pornography is prohibited in all 50 states. The general statute states that child


pornography is comprised of the following " 1) The creation or reproduction of materials


depicting minors engaged in actual or simulated sexual activity ("Sexual Exploitation of


Minors") or ) the publication or distribution of obscene, indecent, or harmful materials to


minors."7 These laws require the knowledge that the person in the materials and /or receiving


the material is a minor. Depending on the state, a minor is either a person under the age of 17 or


under the age of 18.


Even though the general statutes regarding child pornography would seem to already


adequately cover the Internet, the laws in Alabama, Arizona, California, Florida, Georgia,


Idaho, Illinois, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, New Jersey, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, and


Virginia go further. These laws include sections concerning the distribution of child


pornography and/or the sale of pornography to minors via computers or computer storage


devices. For example, Oklahoma prohibits minors from receiving computer transmissions of


obscene or harmful material. The law also makes it illegal for obscene or harmful materials to


be sold, distributed or displayed to minors through CD-ROMs , magnetic disks, and magnetic


tapes. 8


Attempts have been made by the Federal government to pass laws that would deal with


the issue of children and/or Internet porn. In 16 , the Communications Decency Act was


passed. Under this law, the distribution of indecent material on the Internet was made illegal.


Another law, the Child Online Protection Act, pertains solely to commercial Web sites and


focuses on material that could be damaging to minors. Under this law, a person could not view


online material deemed harmful to minors without first proofing his or her age. This proof


would come from the collection of a credit card number or access code. People who violate the


law could face a maximum of six months in jail and be fined 50,000 dollars. The


Communications Decency Act of 16 was struck down in 17 on constitutional grounds. The


Child Online Protection Act can not be currently enforced because a preliminary injunction


was issued against it on February 1, 1.


Two of the most popular places for pornography to appear on the Internet are the World


Wide Web and Usenet. The World Wide Web (WWW) is a worldwide system of computers


and files. Over the World Wide Web, users have access to large quantities of data. This data


comes from sources including magazine archives, public and university library resources,


current world and business news, and computer programs.10 "Usenet is a worldwide network


of UNIX systems that has a decentralized administration and is used as a bulletin board system


by special-interest discussion groups… is considered part of the Internet … is composed of


thousands of newsgroups, each devoted to a particular topic. Users can post messages and read


messages from others in these newsgroups in a manner similar to users on dial-in BBSs."11


For the purpose of this paper, the number of pornographic sites discussed will only deal


with the commercial online porn industry, not any private sites that may contain pornographic


material. Currently, there are approximately 60,000 porn Web sites in the U.S.1 In 14, of all


of the images posted on the Usenet, 8.5% was pornographic. There were over 14,000


newsgroups (bulletin boards) on Usenet. Of those, 500 boards had either a primary focus of


marketing adult pornographic material, or had adult sections that were substantial in size. While


500 adult sites out of a total of 14,000 may not seem significant, it should be known that 71%


of the pornography on Usenet came from these sites.


While not getting into overly graphic detail, the following will briefly list the four


categories that Internet pornography falls into, along with a brief description of each category


1. Paraphilla enema, urination or urine, feces of defecation, bestiality, fisting, person


with breasts and penis, diapers or diapering, sadomasochism, foreign objects,


voyeurism


. Pedo / hebephile- nude pictures of young children in pre-pubescence, young looking


children involved in hard-core sex acts


. Hard-core , (non-paraphillic)- homosexual and/or heterosexual sex and /or sexual


contact between two or more people


4. Soft-core- nude or semi-nude pictures that depict none of the acts covered above


and masturbation1


For a child to gain access to some of the pornography listed above, it only requires the


child to have a basic knowledge of how conduct a proper search. In other words, if a child


knows how to search the Web or knows how to read Usenet newsgroups, he or she can


probably find some type of pornography. This means that access, for most children wishing it,


should be relatively easy.14


What has not been discussed is how easy it is for pornography to find a child not actively


seeking it. Knowledge of adult sites can come through spamming. Spamming occurs when


hundreds of thousands of e-mail addresses or newsgroups receive the same message all at once.


Since this practice is done with no regards to the content of the message or to who receives the


message, children receive the same messages as adults.15The messages are not always clearly


marked in the subject line as being suitable for adults only. In fact, sometimes, the subject of


the message may seem innocent. For example, author Lawrence Magid's 11-year-old son


received an e-mail with the subject "I Need Your Vote". This e-mail message sounded innocent


enough, but in reality, it led to a list of free adults only sites. Some of theses sites were


respectable, while others were adult sites.


Up to this point, the Internet and pornography , separately and together, have been


discussed. Some feel that, while laws are not needed to keep children safe from Internet


pornography, parents should have some other ways to protect their children from Internet


pornography. Lastly, this paper will discuss two such ways that parents can protect their


children from Internet pornography Internet rating system/service, and monitoring and filtering


devices.


First, the use of Internet rating systems/services will be discussed. To better understand


about Internet ratings , some questions must first be answered. What exactly is a rating service?


A rating service can be person, group, organization, or company that provides content labels for


information on the Internet .What's the difference between a rating service and a rating system?


A rating system is the actual process used for evaluating the information. A rating system


usually has of one or more categories that is used to evaluate the data. So, a rating service


would use a rating system to evaluate content.


Now that the difference between an Internet rating service and rating system is known, one


last question must be answered what is a content label? A content label is a data structure that


contains the information about a document's content. This label may be with the document it


describes or be available by itself.


One of the tools used to implement rating systems is PICS. PICS stands for Platform for


Internet Content Selection. While not a rating system, PICS is actually a framework for rating


systems. It is general purpose and can be tailored to control many types of content. Not only


could the sexual content of a document be rated, but practically any other kind of content could


also be rated. For example, PICS could be used to rate the amount of hate speech that is


contained in a document. 16


PICS is currently being used by some Internet rating services. One of these services is called


SafeSurf. It is a parents' organization that has created a self-rating system .SafeSurf has many


different rating categories. The SafeSurf Identification Standard is recognized by the SafeSurf


Wave( SS~~). SafeSurf has the following ratings categories that could apply to pornography


age range (SS~~000), profanity (SS~~001), heterosexual themes (SS~~00), homosexual


themes (SS~~00), nudity (SS~~004),and sex, violence, profanity (SS~~006).


Each of these categories have values of 1 to . For example, the category age range has the


following values and labels value 1 all ages, value - older children , value - younger teens,


value 4- older teens, value 5 - adult supervision recommended, value 6- adults, value 7- limited


to adults, value 8 - adults only, and value explicitly for adults. For the other categories, the


higher the value, the worse the rated content is.


A content label in SafeSurf can identify all of the adult themes that a site may have. The


following is an example of a SafeSurf content label that would appear before or within the


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