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The Earth
The earth is a spherical spaceship held in orbit round the sun by the pull of gravity. The atmosphere and everything on earth is held to it by gravity. The gravitational force also crushes the earth itself so that the rocks inside are very dense.
Inside the earth there are three main layers, as shown
The core is very hot metal, mostly iron and nickel. Most of it is liquid, but the centre is under such high pressure that is solid. The earth's magnetic field is probably due to currents in the core. The core is hot because it is radioactive.
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The mantle is mostly solid rock but some of it is slushy a mixture of solid and hot molten (liquid) rock rather like lava from a volcano. The mantle can move very slowly in giant convection currents.
The crust is a very thin solid layer like the shell on an egg.
The Earth and Sun
The earth moves round the sun in an orbit which is almost a circle. The earth is pulled into this orbit by a centripetal force. This force is the gravitational force between the mass of the sun and the mass of the earth.
At the equator where the earth's surface is facing the sun it looks bright but near the poles the surface is curved away and so the energy is spread out more.
The Seasons of the Year
In fact the earth's axis is not at right angles to the orbit as you might have assumed. It is tilted at an angle of half degrees.
Look carefully at how much of the suns energy arrives at the northern hemisphere at different times of the year. This explains three things
1. When the northern hemisphere is facing away from the sun it is winter. Six months later half an orbit it is facing towards the sun in summer
. The sun appears higher in the sky in summer it has a higher elevation above the horizon.
. Daylight lasts for more hours in summer.
Earth and Moon
The moon is a stark and hostile world its mass is smaller than the earths so its gravitational field is less. It is only one sixth of the earth's field because its gravity is less all the molecules of gases have escaped so it has no atmosphere. The moon is a satellite in circular orbit round the earth trapped by gravity. One orbit of the moon takes 1 month
It shines by reflecting the light from the sun. It orbits the earth once every 7 days it also spins on its axis once everyday 7 days. This is why it always keeps the same side towards us.
The moon looks different to us at different times of the month. It has phases. The diagram shows the moon at 8 different positions round the earth with the 8 phases.
The Sun
The sun is a star like the others that we see at night. Compared to other stars the sun is very ordinary and average.
The sun is not burning like a fire- it is a huge controlled hydrogen bomb. The core is at a temperature of 14 degrees million c and at very high pressure. The hydrogen atoms are broken into pieces which smash into each other at high speed. This can make the pieces of hydrogen atoms join together and become helium.
each time this happens some mass is lost. It reappears as energy. This is nuclear fusion
Hydrogen.........helium + energy
The sun is using up its mass at the rate of 4 million tonnes each second. it has been doing this for 4500 million years, but is still only half way through its life time. It is a middles aged star.
The huge amount of energy is radiated out from the core. Some of this energy eventually arrives on earth keeping us alive
Inside the sun there is a constant battle of forces the pull of gravity is trying to crush the sun while the energy from the very hot core is trying to make it expand. As long as these forces are balanced, the star is stable. Eventually it will run out o fuel and change to another kind of star
Sun spots are slightly cooler areas on the suns surface they are only at 4000 degrees c
Sun spots come and go being common every 11 years it is possible that the suns power may vary slightly from time to time affecting the earths weather perhaps even causing the ice ages.
In the night sky the other stars appear to form patters called constellations
Some famous oines are Cassiopeia and the plough.
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