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Boccioni's Unique Forms of Continuity in Space in terms of modernity and urban life.

Boccioni's Unique Forms of Continuity in Space (figure 1) was created in Italy at the height of Futurism. Futurism was the foundation for Boccioni and his counterparts to work; it was derived from Marinetti's manifesto. This manifesto of 10 characterised Futurism's glorification of technology and the speed associated with it. Yet Marinetti's ideas were not invented without influence. The industrialisation of Europe, as well as French movements in art and literature stimulated Marinetti's ideas.

Marinetti The Founding and Manifesto of Futurism

Marinetti was a young poet in his twenties at the turn-of-the-century. He was frustrated with the lack of progress in Italy compared to the rest of Europe therefore, in 10, to prepare Italy for the great adventure of modern times he issued The Founding and Manifesto of Futurism. He attacked the old traditions of culture promoting the modern "We intend to sing the love of danger, the habit of energy and fearlessness. …Courage, audacity and revolt will be essential elements of our poetry. …We affirm that the world's magnificence has been enriched by a new beauty the beauty of speed…we will glorify war the world's only hygiene. …We will destroy the museums, libraries, academies of every kind…"(Apollonio, 17, pp. 1-). The document was published in Paris, written in French to spread the ideas throughout Europe. Marinetti was determined to reach a mass audience and unlike other modern movements an idea was created rather than a style. He wanted his concept to be expressed in every means possible painting, sculpture, music, architecture and poetry to reform Italy's traditional culture beyond recognition.

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Marinetti's Futurism sprung from the modernity and urban life experienced throughout Europe. The Industrialization in Europe had given the machine environmental status yet Italy, with a lack of raw materials, had been left behind. The industrial advances that did occur appeared intrusive against Italian life, yet due to Italy's isolation from the Industrial revolution it allowed the machine to be romanticised. By 100 the society, hundreds of years old, was changing daily. Marinetti who at the time was Paris welcomed this. The French literary circles surrounding him affected his future ideas. They were the origin of his devotion to aggression; the group also had a love of violence and belief in the virtue of destruction. Tailhade once wrote, after violence sweep the capital, "What do the victims matter, if the gesture be beautiful" (Tisdall, 16, p. 18). Another writer that influenced Marinetti was Georges Sorel. Sorel believed that class struggle contributed to the health of society and that only violence could produce the freedom of self-improvement. The Philosopher Henri Bergson introduced to ideas of dynamism and intuition which were adopted by the Artists of Futurism to portray Marinetti's ideas visually. The impact of modern literature as a foundation of Futurism was prominent yet the Futurists would rather acknowledge Italian painters. The French art movements corresponding with futurism were Fauvism and Cubism. Many links have been made between the visual components of Futurism and the French. Apollinaire suggested, "Futurism, in my opinion is an Italian imitation of the two schools of French painting…fauvism and cubism" (Perloff, 186, p. 5). Futurism was a product of industrialisation and urbanisation in the north of Italy but Marinetti's French experiences brought in an international dimension.

Boccioni

The most prominent artists that responded to Marinetti's call were Carlo Carra, Luigi Russolo, Giacomo Balla, Gino Severini and Umberto Boccioni. Boccioni was the most articulate and gifted, as a painter and sculptor, of the group (Honour, & Fleming, 1). Boccioni was ambitious in his hopes for Futurism and was responsible for manifestos on sculpture and painting between 110 and 114. He aimed to outline a way to transform Futurism from concept to visual expression. Initially Boccioni's art concentrated on painting taking ideas from his Italian predecessor Previati. They became simular stylistically, with Boccioni using divisionism to a large extent in his work. The other Futurists also developed a taste for divisionism due to its heightened colour and rejection of the restriction of outlines, this reflected the idea of Bergson "…any division of matter into independent bodies with determined outlines is artificial" (Tisdall, 16, p.). Boccioni unlike his colleagues also enjoyed the symbolism in Previati's work. In Boccioni's work The City Rises (figure ) he attempted to fuse labour, colour and movement. His use of the urban cityscape was a common way to show the Futurist interest in urbanisation. Previati's influence was still present in Boccioni's work with a great horse in the foreground representing the physical effort and power of industrialized labour (Tisdall, 16). The theme of riots and confrontation ran strong in Boccioni's work until after this work when he turned away form social scenes to sculpture.

From 111 to 114 Boccioni became preoccupied with sculpture. He felt that sculpture was even more backward thinking than art due to its devotion to the nude "…an art that must that all the clothes off a man or women in order to provide any emotive effect is a dead art" (Tisdall, 16, p. 74). In his writing The Technical Manifesto of Futurist Sculpture he expresses his ideals. He felt he had found a way to renovate sculpture. He wanted to emphasis intuition, as Bergson expressed and depict matter in terms of movement and duration. This approach was to replace the common method of breaking up the environment into individual elements. He aimed to take the object he wished to create and begin with its central core, linking the external plasticity with the internal. Dynamism was the essence "Dynamism is the lyrical conception of forms, interpreted in the infinite manifestations of the relativity between absolute motion and relative motion, between the environment and the object which come together to form the appearance of a whole…" (Apollonio, 17, p. ). Despite Boccioni's obvious contrast with Cubism his sculpture Antigrazioso (Figure 4) was accused of plagiarism because of its likeness to Picasso's Head (Figure ). Futurism borrowed terms from Cubism such as 'broken forms' which added to the confusion. To clear himself of the comparison he wrote "…the Futurists were absolutely opposed to cubist art for they [the Cubists] continue to paint objects motionless, frozen and all the static aspects of nature…" (Perloff, 186, p. 5). To Boccioni the addition of dynamism into sculpture brought to art a way to express the age of speed and simultaneity.

In his years of sculpture Boccioni created a series of striding figures, each one progressing further toward his aims. His ultimate figure was Unique Forms of Continuity in Space (figure 1) in 11. The figure is stripped of environmental burdens, and surface details to "…reveal a form in which movement synthesised, as opposed to sequential depiction of movement…" (Tisdall, 16, p. 80). The muscles are distorted as a result of movement, as the combination of surfaces dissolve and reform constantly (Honour, & Fleming, 1). The work achieved Boccioni's ultimate goal. "It realises pure plastic rhythm; not the construction of the body, but the construction of the action of the body" (Honour, & Fleming, 1, p. 75). The scale of the work also adds to the achievement for Boccioni. The work is half-life size and made of bronze. The medium relates to the industrialisation of the period yet at the same time is a traditional medium which Boccioni disliked. He achieves another of his goals with the work. As the form traverses through space, the environment transforms it and becomes part of the form. The previous positions of the figure are left visible, trailing behind making the viewer aware of the relationship between body and environment. After Boccioni completed Unique Forms of Continuity in Space he briefly returned to painting, yet away from futurism before his death in World War One.

Conclusion

Boccioni's Unique Forms of Continuity in Space represents the pinnacle of Futurism. The movement, inspired by all the characteristics of modernity, aimed to establish a new Italian society rejecting all that contrasted with the new. Marinetti was the forerunner of the period defining the glorification of war, the machine, and above all speed, in his manifesto. Many artists embraced the new concepts and set about to create a way to visualise the ideas. Boccioni, initially using painting, took a leading role in defining Futurism as a style. He moved to sculpture and in 11 met the end of Futurism with his work Unique Forms of Continuity in Space. This work incorporated the principles of urbanisation and the machine working in terms of speed. Unique Forms of Continuity in Space is the direct result of modernity.

Please note that this sample paper on Boccioni's Unique Forms of Continuity in Space in terms of modernity and urban life. is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Boccioni's Unique Forms of Continuity in Space in terms of modernity and urban life., we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Boccioni's Unique Forms of Continuity in Space in terms of modernity and urban life. will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Economy

The Economic Effects of the Civil War

The Economies of the North and South, 1861-1865

In 1861, a great war in American history began. It was a civil war between the north and south that was by no means civil. This war would have great repercussions upon the economy of this country and the states within it. The American Civil War began with secession, creating a divided union of sorts, and sparked an incredibly cataclysmic four years.

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Although the actual war began with secession, this was not the only driving force. The economy of the Southern states, the Confederacy, greatly if not entirely depended on the institution of slavery. The Confederacy was heavily reliant on agriculture, and they used the profits made from the sale of such raw materials to purchase finished goods to use and enjoy. Their major export was cotton, which thrived on the warm river deltas and could easily be shipped to major ocean ports from towns on the Mississippi and numerous river cities. Slavery was a key part of this, as slaves were the ones who harvested and planted the cotton. Being such an enormous unpaid work force, the profits made were extraordinarily high and the price for the unfinished goods drastically low in comparison; especially since he invention of the cotton gin in 1793 which made the work all that much easier and quicker.

In contrast, the economical structure of the Northern states, the Union, was vastly dependent on industry. Slavery did not exist in most of the Union, as there was no demand for it due to the type of industrial development taking place. As the Union had a paid work force, the profits made were lower and the cost of the finished manufactured item higher. In turn, the Union used the profits and purchased raw materials to use. This cycle is referred to as interdependency.

By 1860, ninety-five percent of the United States manufacturing occurred in states north of the 36'30º line conceived for the Missouri Compromise. Many of these states were also non-slave states, and against slavery at that. Since the population in the Northern states was mostly free whites, and the population in the south mostly slaves, in the voting booths the South was greatly at a disadvantage. Also, to add to this, the Democrats who were mostly pro-slavery had split into two factions because they could not agree on a candidate. The Republican Party, formed only 4 years before the election of 1860, had Abraham Lincoln as candidate for president.

Because the Democratic Party was split, many southerners were unable to vote, and Lincoln was incredibly popular in the Northern states, the Republican Party candidate won. Now southerners were convinced that the North had put an abolitionist in the White House, and would proceed to abrogate slavery. This enraged the Southern states who proceeded to secede from the Union.

In Mississippi's secession convention, they stated that, "Our position is thoroughly identified with the institution of slavery... A blow at slavery is a blow at commerce and civilization… There was no choice left to us but submission to the mandates of abolition or dissolution of the Union." This quote forces us to consider that if slavery had been immediately abolished the wreckage and destruction that would have been rendered to the Southern economy.

At the beginning of the war, to make France and Europe recognize the Confederacy as a separate power, no attempt was made to export cotton to them. Before long, no cotton could be exported because of the invading Northern troops that were seizing and or blocking the ports. These effective sieges decimated the foreign trade for the Confederacy.

Every aspect of the Southern economy was stimulated by the war, and domestic production especially because of the need to supply the army and replacing the goods that could no longer be imported. This was, however, offset by the invading Union troupes that destroyed many businesses.

The Civil War augmented the nation greatly, and one of these changes was the routine use of paper currency. In 1861, Congress issued Demand Notes to finance the civil war. It was the first paper money issued since Continentals, which were first issued in 1775. In 1862, Congress discontinued the issuance of Demand Notes and instead circulated Legal Tender notes. Confidence in these notes waned when the Treasury stopped redeeming them during the war to save gold and silver. People followed this example, as the need for money was great, hence coin-hoarding. This in turn led to the exchange of small change substitutes, everything from bills and tickets to postage stamps.

From 1862 to 1876, 368 million dollars in fractional currency was being distributed. This currency was often called "paper coins", or even "shinplasters" as during the hardships of war troops were often forced to line their worn out boots with them.

Between 1861 and 1865, Confederate currency was being distributed to millions of Southerners on the assurance that the south would win and the bank notes would be redeemable. In an effort to debase this currency, the Union printed counterfeit money and circulated it in the South. Inflation became rampant in both the North and the South, yet it was far worse in the Confederacy. By the end of the war, Confederates lost complete confidence in this money, which became totally worthless. They then relied on bartering or black market greenbacks to sustain themselves. In more than a few cases, Southern troupes were even paid in Union money.

The North financed the war through printing money and borrowing also, yet they further increased funds by levying a direct tax, instituting the nation's first income tax, and raising tariffs, which were taxes on imports. Still, the Union financed only 20% of the war through taxation. With the absence of 11 southern states, Democratic representation was greatly reduced, enabling the Republicans to raise tariffs to high protective levels.

In 1863 Congress established the National Banking System to facilitate borrowing. The way this functioned: how much money an independent bank could create was based directly on the amount of money they loaned the government. Also provided for was the elimination of the circulation of banknotes by state chartered banks. This was done by levying a prohibitively high tax on them based on the size of the note's circulation.

Tax structure in the Union during the war also encouraged businesses to consolidate because taxes were levied at each stage of production. Furthermore, the government usually placed its orders with large firms, finding they provided better service. Consequently, this promoted organization of labor.

Producers of arms and munitions prospered and so did canneries and meat packers. The farm machine industry was also stimulated due to the loss of farmers to the army and the simultaneous demand for farm products. In the north, farm prices advanced during the war, and farmers did well. Afterwards, they declined sharply due to the newly cultivated land that came to be during the war. Subsequently, farmers had trouble paying off debts they incurred during the war to increase product outturn. They developed a deep distrust of paper money and lost much of their former independence.

The negative impact on the Northern textile mills was somewhat relieved by the fact that they held a large stock of cotton obtained from captured territory in the south, and some mills began producing woolen goods instead. Several bad crop years in Europe increased the demand for American wheat, and this took up some of the slack developed by the loss of the cotton trade. The only Northern industry to suffer greatly and permanently was the Merchant marines, which began their decline with the obsoletion of clipper ships.

In 1927, noted historians Charles and Mary Beard claimed that although it wiped out the assets of slave owners, this war assured the triumph of the business enterprise. They believed the huge profits amassed during the war by some Northerners were subsequently used to exploit the nation's natural resources. Furthermore, they believed, the war changed political and social arrangements in a way that favored industrialization.

The Union experienced only a brief pause in economic growth, whereas the Confederacy suffered severe retrogression. The Confederacy financed the war through printing money and borrowing, and the combination of rising money supply and decreasing product supply ended in runaway inflation. The Civil war also destroyed the Confederacy's banking system, and its recovery was handicapped by lack of funds.

The North also had a stable government and economy. Confederate President Davis not only had a war to fight but also a new government to run. One of the main reasons the South seceded from the Union was because they wanted to run their states as they saw fit without intervention from the Federal Government in Washington. When the Confederate States of America was formed, many of the states still wanted to run their states without intervention from the Confederate government in Richmond. This caused constant arguments and took a great deal of time away from running the war.

The Southern economy also eventually fell into ruin. There were bread riots in Richmond, and on one occasion President Davis went out to meet the angry people, and when he could not calm them, he reached into his pockets and threw whatever money he had to the angry crowd to try and appease them. Towards the end of the war, one stick of firewood cost $5.00, and it was almost impossible to buy food and clothing.

Conclusion

In doing this research paper I learned that the economy of a country and the people of that country are attached to each other as one and the same. After viewing the ups and downs, political views, personal battles, and tough decisions that people have had to make to uphold the delicate balance, I have gained a much more practical sense of how a country works.

Please note that this sample paper on Economy is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Economy, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Economy will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The ¡¥war of words' between the former Opposition Labor Leader, Kim Beazley and the current Opposition Leader, Simon Crean has been widely documented and reported. The Australian media, however, with some evidence of bias, has given two sides of the conflict ¡V that of Beazley and that of Crean, and has produced a rather inaccurate depiction of the ¡¥Labor leadership battle'.

I have limited my attention to analysing this skirmish through the news print sources, The Australian and The Courier Mail, and focussing in particular on the weekend of the 6th to the 8th of April and a later date of the second week of May. Two of the three elected articles were printed shortly after the battle first erupted and the third article, from May, was published less than a fortnight from the next scheduled caucus meetings. These two time periods allow the differences between the articles to become apparent as time can be used to distort an issue.

The potential for accuracy distortion of the issue, and consequently, misinterpretation, owing to media treatments is twofold distortion is evident amongst the actual reports; and there is distortion developing from what the media treatments have omitted to reveal.

However, there are six main areas in which variations are most evident

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„_ Physical placements of news and commentary items;

„_ Extent (length or duration) of items;

„_ Language choice and consequent tones of items arising from the effect of language;

„_ Level of explicatory clarity of items (how informative and understandable the article is);

„_ Extent of inclusion and omission of details; and

„_ Balance of treatment

Throughout my examination of the variations abovementioned, I shall focus on the contention that one of the characteristics of any news reporting media is their lust for political blood ¡V nothing is easier to knock off than a political deadweight.

An article that appeared in the Sunday Mail on the weekend of May the 18th reveals to the reader that the destabilisation of the Labor party is the result of former Opposition Leader, Kim Beazley's statements to The Bulletin being misconstrued by some supporters as a challenge to Simon Crean's leadership.

Now to the variations detectable amongst the Australian media. The first article which I have chosen to analyse shows bias towards Simon Crean. The Courier Mail, on Tuesday, 1th May published ¡¥Crean lays down law on disloyal conduct'. Since this article was written more than two weeks after the initial uproar, the importance of this issue has depleted and this is evident in terms of the placement and extent of the item.

Appearing in the top left hand corner of page 6 and recording only 455 words, this report was placed next to the 00 word article covering the progress and admission prices of the newly-built Suncorp Stadium. Measuring only .5 x cm each, two small colour photos of the factions involved in the ALP crisis are shown under the bold headline; yet, three colour images of the Suncorp Stadium grounds, ranging in size from 18 x .5cm to x 6.5cm, measure the length of the Beazley vs. Crean article.

Unmarked but clearly evident, the layout of page 6 shows three columns; the first measuring 1.5cm wide, the second measuring 1cm and the third measuring 8.5cm. The relevant article, placed in the first column, measured 1.5cm wide and 7.5cm long, taking up less than one sixth of the page.

In terms of the type of language used, the news item expressed a sombre attitude towards the statement, or rather, ¡¥ultimatum' that Simon Crean laid down to his front bench. Sensationalist but accurate phrases such as ¡§issued an extraordinary ultimatum¡¨, ¡§fall in behind¡K or face the sack¡¨, ¡§direct threat¡¨, and ¡§leadership speculation¡¨ introduce the Courier Mail article. References to Simon Crean such as ¡§tough display of leadership¡¨ express the bias of the article written by National Political Editor, Dennis Atkins.

In terms of the level of information and understanding conveyed, the knowledge of the original conflict has been clarified in the first hundred words of the article making the Labor leadership battle easy to follow. Direct quotes have been taken from both parties, Crean and Beazley, as well as indirect speech stating the views of both representative sides.

However, the Courier Mail has failed to give balanced treatment and bias becomes blatant in this article. Bias towards Simon Crean is developed not only from the obvious text devotion of 5 out of the 88 lines but again, it is evident through the aforementioned language including ¡§Mr Beazley's supporters ¡Kwere genuinely shocked by the strength of Mr Crean¡¨ and ¡§Kim Beazley¡Ksparked the latest round of leadership speculation¡¨. Kim Beazley, in this particular article, has been cast as the political deadweight.

The Weekend Australian, on the other hand, slanted towards the political power of Kim Beazley. The second article which I have chosen to analyse, ¡¥Angry Beazley holds his fire', was published on the weekend of the 6-7th April.

In terms of the physical placement and extent of this article, the Weekend Australian appears to have brushed this issue aside for larger, more nationalistic issues such as the SARS epidemic and Anzac Day ceremonies. Although published on page one, the ALP crisis received only 70 words. Like the previous newspaper, the Weekend Australian displayed three discrete columns; the first measuring 4.5cm, the second ¡V 4cm and the third measuring cm. Displayed on the far right column and printed halfway down, less than 10% of the page is occupied by the Crean vs. Beazley article. The commentary was placed next to an Anzac Day article and featured a 4 x 4cm cartoon image of Kim Beazley, however this was not colour and focus was diverted to the 5 x 18.5cm colour photograph of a veteran participating in one of the marches.

However, once looking at the article and the caption ¡¥Weapon of Mass Destruction', the reader can sense the sensationalist angle of the author. Indirect quotes such as ¡§uneasy truce¡¨, ¡§angry¡¨, ¡§ignited¡Kleadership crisis¡¨, ¡§formally challenged¡¨ and ¡§intense pressure¡¨ also sway the reader to see Kim Beazley as the victim of Simon Crean's insecurities because Crean is currently trying to regain the ¡§Labor's voter support¡¨ after rapidly decreasing performance ratings that ¡§collapsed over recent months¡¨.

Now, with regards to the clarity of the article, reiteration of the key events that ignited the Labor leadership battle are accessible and therefore understanding of the issue in its entirety was clear. However, the article's balance of treatment is slanted towards Kim Beazley's part in the issue and bias is seen through of the commentary including emotive language and images. As opposed to the previous article, Simon Crean has been portrayed as the political deadweight in the commentary.

Such is not the case, however, with the last article I shall analyse, ¡¥Beazley leaves door open for future spill'. The Australian published this balanced, 00 word article on page of Monday 8th April edition. In terms of placement, this article is published above a small column written by Matt Price on the Labor leadership battle and another political column, and alongside a 14 x 4cm colour photo of Kim Beazley; in total, taking up almost one third of the page. However, the relevant article takes up less than half of the Kim Beazley image and less than half of the entire political section of page two.

With respect to the tone of the article, the somewhat sombre or serious attitude is evident through the type of language used. Statements and phrases such as ¡§challenging¡¨, ¡§squabble¡¨, ¡§showdown¡¨ and ¡§sort out their differences¡¨ shower the article and describe the ALP crisis as Crean and Beazley fight out their war of words.

This language also clarifies the article in terms of understanding the situation. The comments that sparked the battle, Simon Crean's response and Kim Beazley's defence have all been observed, however the extent of omission in this article fails to reveal the aggressive, undermining activities of each politician. In this, the writer of the article has deliberately left out this detail so as to balance the argument. By explaining Kim Beazley's position in this entire ordeal as the protagonist, yet suggesting Simon Crean still has an overwhelming base of support, the article has deliberately left out the nature of their squabble but cast them both as the innocent.

In terms of their treatment, the three articles chosen for analysis were different in their angles with one being pro-Simon Crean, one being pro-Kim Beazley and the other being balanced or neutral. By slanting towards one party through omission of details, language, and so on, the other party is seen as the political deadweight, and easy to attack.

The media assert themselves to the Australian public as an accurate form to construct newsworthy events. However, due to bias language, distortion, imprecise angles and conscious omission, the uncritical reader, listener or viewer can be misinformed. To a degree of journalistic negligence, insight into the Labor leadership battle was overlooked and from here, my contention that one of the characteristics of any news reporting media is their lust for political blood ¡V nothing is easier to knock off than a political deadweight was proved.

Please note that this sample paper on Nothing is easier to knock off than a political deadweight. is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Nothing is easier to knock off than a political deadweight., we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Nothing is easier to knock off than a political deadweight. will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Where your last days may be spent. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Where your last days may be spent paper right on time.

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Where your last days may be spent

Sunday mornings, I usually get up around Nine o'clock, take a shower, get dressed up and go to church. One Sunday after church Ashley Moore, a good friend of mine from school, came up to me and told me that North Gate nursing home was looking for some young volunteers to help with the activities at the home. "Do you think you would be interested?" she asked. I took a moment to think to myself. It would be a good learning experience. It usually makes me feel good to help out where I'm really needed and besides how could I possibly say no to a beautiful face like Ashley Moore's. "That would be great," I answered, "I don't have anything to do after school any way." With the glitter of appreciation in her eyes she explained in her own words to me that she was very delighted that I could be of some help. "If you can be at north gate around 45 Wednesday, after school, I'll get you started." she announced. I told her that 45 would be just fine and she could count on me to be there.

After school on Wednesday I carried my books to the car and started the rigorous task of making my way out of the schools overcrowded parking lot. I was on my way to my first day of volunteering at North Gate. The road up there is long and curvy. It's as if a snake slithered up the hill and they built a road on top of its path. When I arrived Ashley was waiting to great me outside under the elaborate entryway. "Lets go inside," she said, "I'll introduce you to, Paula, the activities director." As I walked through the "t" shaped hallways with Ashley I noticed someone in the background yelling, "Help Me!" The voice cried in a deep bellowing voice that seemed to come from the depths of her soul. I thought to myself that the nurses and doctors have everything under control and besides what could I do. When we reached the end of the intricate hallway system Ashley told me it was the next to last door on the left. Paula was waiting for us in the room. "You must be Evan," she said, "Ashley has told me a lot about you and now I can finally put a face on you." Paula laid a small pile of papers on the desk in front of me. "Look over and sign these so we can confirm you know the nursing home's rules for volunteers," She said. I must have been in there for over an hour and a half before I was finished going over everything with Paula. When I was finished, Paula told us the only thing we had to do for the day was make sure everyone who needed to eat was in the dinning room by 500 and then we could leave if we wanted to.

As we walked out of Paula's office I heard once again a voice yelling, "Help me!" The voice seemed as though it had distorted into a raspy grown for help. This time when I heard the voice I decided to go into the room to check it out for myself. There was a very old woman in the room. She looked as though she was about eighty-five to ninety years old. She had a desperate look of disgust on her almost leather like, wrinkly face. "Hello," I said in a concerned manner. "Please help me," she asked. I leaned over the bed. I started to ask her what was wrong, but as I leaned over the bed I smelled the lingering, sharp ammonias aroma of urine. I couldn't believe that she had been lying in her own urine for God knows how long and no one had come to check on her. I mean she had been lying there yelling since before I came. "I can't help you, but I'll find someone who can," I told her in a disturbed voice. I walked out of the room and went straight to the main desk and told them what was going on. The nurse that was supposed to check the ladies room said, "I'm sorry I had to take a smoke break". I thought to myself no smoke break last for hours and that was inconsiderate of her. I talked with the nurse for a few minutes and no excuse she gave me was sufficient. After the nurse had taken care of the elderly woman, I finished my job of gathering the people to eat. I never heard the voice ask for help again. I guess I wouldn't have been so upset if I didn't have a family member of my own in a nursing home. I thought to myself what if that was my grandmother in that room.

I began to go to North Gate more and more after school. It started out as once a week then twice. Before I knew it I was going at least four times a week or more. The more I went the more it came clear to me that North Gate was in a bad condition. Management wasn't up to par. They were loosing workers everyday. People wouldn't get their paychecks for months at a time. It wasn't the employees that I was concerned the most about though. It was clear to me that the Elderly were being affected the most. The staff was being depleted and the nursing home was becoming severely shorthanded.

One day Paula came to me and told me the food service director had quit. "Come to the kitchen and get the other volunteers to come too," she said. Once we were all in the kitchen we learned that since the food service director had quit all of her staff just walked out too. Now it was getting close to dinner time. "Any suggestions about what we should fix for dinner?" Paula said. At this point I was just flabbergasted. "How about grilled ham and cheese, apple sauce, and we could heat up some frozen vegetables," I recommended. I thought that sounded easy enough, that is until I was overtop the red hot stove cooking ham and cheese after ham and cheese until I was about to have a nervous breakdown. When we got the apple sauce out we realized that some were sugar free and some had sugar in them. Now my mother used to be a R.D. so I called her. "You have to find the peoples Diet cards," She said, "people with hypoglycemia need to eat all sugar free things and you must look on the cards to see whether they are lactose intolerant, need pureed food, and watch very carefully because you don't want to become liable for any mistakes you guys make!" After I got off the phone I looked in the corner and saw Paula pacing with an evil look on her face. About that time she just left and we never saw her again. She had left me all alone with the volunteers to get everything done. The people of the home might not have got to eat at the right time, but by the end of the night every one was fed. After this horrible experience I pleaded with my mom to please come in and help. After I got my mom to agree to help, North Gate called the kitchen staff and pleaded with them to come back in. They were able to persuade some of them to come back and things got a little bit better for the time being.

Since my mother wasn't employed at the time, she ended up getting on the pay role at North Gate and working there full time. She would come home very stressed out every evening. One day in particular I remember distinctly. Coming in from work my mother had reached her limit. The look on her face told how stressed she had became. I could see tears swelling up in her eyes. "Do you want to talk about work mom?" I asked. Looking at me with her blood shot , swelling eyes she began to spill everything to me. "Evan, I don't think I can handle this any more," She said, with a slight sigh in her voice. "Why what's wrong?" I asked. "Every thing there is a mess," she began to explain, "The people rarely can get fed on time, they haven't been getting there snacks, the other day when I went home we got a ship load of food and the employees just let it sit out all night, the patients have been severely dehydrated, people with special diets like diabetes have all been eating the same things, all their diets are screwed up." I couldn't believe how bad it was. You would think that when a facility is responsible for the lives of others it would be more likely to take those responsibilities seriously. "Is that what has been bothering you lately," I asked. "That's just the begging," she said, "I've been asked to lie and sign things that I shouldn't just to keep my job." After a month or two my mom started to get everything under control, but still she hadn't been paid.

On my regular Wednesday of volunteering, I came in and was talking to one of my friends when all of a sudden a man just dropped over and died. Later we heard that he had impaction of the bowels. A nurse is supposed to check to make sure the patients have a bowel movement by every third day, but this duty was neglected. People with dementia were slipping away faster every day. I was walking through the hall one day when one of the patients was yelling, "Praise the lord, God is good all the time." When he said this I just automatically said, "And all the time God is good." At that same instant he changed from a sweet old man, preaching the word of God, to a cursing wreck. "Damn! Damn this cat, I'll kill it!" he yelled. The orderlies came in and I briskly walked away. People were dying everyday.

On my last day of volunteering a group of men in business suits came in. They were from the state. Being nosy, I peeked around the corner and listened to every thing they said. A lot of their talking was business lingo that I didn't understand. Before the men left the tallest of the men looked at the administrator of the nursing home and said, "We'll be back in hours and if everyone doesn't have there medicine by then, we will shut you down!" The employees were scrambling franticly. When this happened they just sent me home and I made a decision. That would be my last day.

I was right, working in the nursing home was a great experience and I really was needed. I told myself if my grandparents or parents got to the point were they couldn't take care of themselves I would be there for them and take the time they took for me while growing up to take care of them, nurture them, love them, and give my life to them. Nursing homes aren't the best place to live out the rest of you life, and people should make the time to take care of their loved ones that once loved them too.

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The advent of mass production, in the period during and following the Industrial Revolution in Europe and the United States, brought novel approaches and ideas as to how organisations were best managed.

The Classical School of management is thought to have originated around the turn of the century and dominated management thinking into the 10s. It focused on the efficiency of the particular work process, and has been divided into three schools of thought. These include Bureaucratic management that focuses on rules and procedures, Scientific management which concentrates on the 'best' way in which a job can be done and Administrative management which has emphasised the need for the flow of information within the organisation.

Classical theorists considered workers and their needs as being secondary to the needs of the organisation and hence it has become an outdated form of management. Despite being outdated classical management theory remains of interest as it introduced management as a subject for analysis and provided ideas for the future development of management theory.

In this analysis Bureaucratic, Scientific and Administrative management theory will be evaluated and their contribution to our understanding of today's organisations discussed.

· Bureaucratic Management

Max Weber (1864-10) was a German sociologist who first used the word bureaucracy to describe a particular form of management structure. He proposed a structure that was to provide maximal efficiency and stability. The six key elements of this were

1. A hierarchical structure that has a clear chain of command with the higher positions having control over the lower positions. (Hierarchy)

. Each employee was to have the expertise to complete a particular task. Labour available was divided and there was specialisation of skills. (Division of Labour)

. All decisions and situations that could arise were to be governed by a complete and binding set of rules. (Formalisation)

4. The relationships between management and employees were to be impersonal. (Impersonality)

5. The recruitment and selection process was to be based around the applicants' technical competence for the particular job or task he is to perform. (Selection)

6. Managers were to be viewed as having professional careers rather than being just owners in the company. (Career Orientation)

Bureaucracy became the accepted form of management structure in large public organisations, many semi state bodies and the civil service. The hierarchical structure allowed the development of a chain of command. The idea of a management career meant that the company gained continuity, efficiency was increased by the strict rules applied, a formal selection process gave recognition to merit and the division of labour also increased efficiency as expertise increase with repetition.

Disadvantages of this model include the lack of flexibility that it is able to tolerate. This clearly discourages individual initiative and innovation. The rigid rules and procedures make the organisation inflexible and slow to respond to changes in market forces. An emphasis on impersonal relations within an organisation leads to discontentment in a workforce and a policy of strict division of labour leads to a unmotivated and bored workforce. Overemphasis on rules and procedures may be made so important that the underlying objectives of the organisation may become secondary to the strict adherence to procedure.

In today's world the remnants of bureaucratic structure remains in many organisations. This is a reflection of the strength of Weber's suggestions. It remains of particular relevance to organisations that operate in particularly stable and secure environments, where change occurs infrequently and flexibility is less important than structure.

· Scientific Management

The father of scientific management theory is Frederick Taylor (1856-117). The theory of scientific management is concerned with the development of one best way to perform a task through the application of a scientific method. Taylor felt that management should ensure maximum prosperity for employer that should be coupled with the prosperity of the employee. Jobs were to be well designed so that each employee had a well-defined and controlled task, for which he was to follow specific procedures and methods. Prosperity was to be achieved through the scientific analysis of the one best method of performing a task to ensure that each employee was operating at his highest level.

Analysis of a workers task was shown to maximise output and benefit both organisation and individual employee during his work with the Bethlehem Steel Works Company. Here through the introduction of piece-rate pay system and scientific analysis of the tasks performed he showed that both productivity and workers salaries could be improved in a mutually beneficial manner.

His work developed four principles of scientific management

1. Development of a true science of work.

Unofficial rules and assumptions regarding a task should be replaced with a scientific approach. This was to be a scientific assessment of tasks to be performed by employees and breaking them down into their specific components to determine the best way to perform them. Clarity would be provided to the employee of what the expectations of the job were and he would be paid a fair wage for his work. An employee could expect an improved wage for his work, however if he under performed he would lose income.

. Scientific selection and development of workers.

The best person to perform the task would be selected by managers and they were to ensure that the best training was given. Utilising a piece to rate system of pay, both workers and managers would be rewarded by increased productivity.

. Co-operation of management and workers.

Taylor advised co-operation between managers and their workers. He felt that this would ensure that the best person for a job did it using the best available methodology.

4. Division of work.

The worker was to be responsible only for the performance of the task in hand. Responsibility for the method was to lie with the manager. Managers were to direct operations and assign tasks and the workers were to simply carry them out.

Famously Henry Ford adopted this style of management in his car factory. The piece and rate pay system that this concept of management instigated gained much recognition as it linked effort to final reward. Whilst this strategy gained much acceptance and did lead in many instances to increased efficiency and productivity, it became evident over time that there were significant flaws with it. The assignment of workers to a repetitive task and the piece-rate system of pay assumed that the sole concern of the employee was wage related. This ignored other psychological needs of the worker, and the routine of repetitive task performance in a set and standardised manner lead to boredom and apathy amongst staff over longer periods of time.

Trade unions concerns, with this style of management, centred on the possible exploitation of the workforce under a piece-rate payment scheme. It was feared that jobs would be lost as a result of employees not meeting the targets set. Scientific management also concentrates on the functional tasks within an organisation and largely ignores the need to relate to an external dynamic environment.

Despite being largely outdated in today's management process, scientific management established the principle of management being a specialised career. Solving the problems of efficiency and productivity has its roots in this original work. Today all organisations continue to have as their ultimate goal increased productivity and efficiency. This leads to an increased overall profit, from which both management and workforce may mutually benefit.

· Administrative Management

Henry Fayol (1841-15) was a French industrialist and one of the most influential early management thinkers. He spent his entire life working with one mining company where he rose from an apprentice to General Manager.

In contrast to Taylor, Fayol concentrated on the senior management of an organisation and concluded that there were 6 essential business activities. These areas were- technical, commercial, financial, security, accounting and managerial. This gave recognition to management as a separate and distinct business activity. Administrative management suggested there were universal principles for senior managers that could be applied by them to solve all situations.

A managers five main activities he described as planning, organisation, command, co-ordination and control.

He also identified 14 basic principles of management based on his life times experience -

1. Division of labour.

. Authority

. Discipline

4. Unity of command

5. Unity of direction

6. Subordination of individual interest to general

7. Remuneration

8. Scalar chain

. Order

10. Equity

11. Stability of Tenure

1. Initiative

1. Espirit de Corps

14. Centralisation

Rigid application of a set of rules and procedures was not part of his concept of management, rather he recognised the requirement of flexibility. These principles included room for individual initiative, efficiency, teamwork, clarity in command, the flow of information with good communication, and the idea that the general interest had to supersede the individual interest.

The five principles of management that Fayol recognised are closely related to the modern day principles of management. Modern teaching of management theory recognises the key management functions as being planning, organising, staffing, leading and controlling. Fayols ideas have endured the test of time more than other early management theorists and remain relevant in today's organisation.

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Memorandum

To Blockbuster Executive Management

CC John Antioco, Chairman of the Board

From Directors Audit Committee

Date 1/10/00

Re Expectation of Roles, Duties and or, Responsibilities

The now famous Enron collapse entered the public eye almost one year ago. If it were a case in which Enron were alone in their dealings and this was purely a tail on one corporation's greed, the buzz would surely have died down. The discussion has not died down and there has been a huge reverberative effect on the economy not only from those involved and subsequently effected by Enron and it's partners deceptive practices, but from many other corporations that have now been put under the same regulatory microscope. It is estimated that the Enron collapse cost investors approximately 60 billion. In addition, jobs have been lost, businesses closed or damaged, and most importantly, consumer confidence has been destroyed. Some or our largest, strongest and most trusted corporations, like Citicorp, Chase, and Arthur Anderson, have not merely made mistakes but apparently set out to conspire with Enron to knowingly deceive investors. JP Morgan Chase is said to have developed the structure of the transactions with what Enron called "Special Purpose Entities", which merely amounted to shell companies, and for their deceptive scheme they were paid 5.5 million. Deceptive tax strategies, buying and selling of businesses, questionable loans, were all part of the plan and there were many outsiders along the way warning of the risks and many insiders taking the risks to make huge amounts of money and maintain their lucrative relationship with Enron. I would venture to say that if the Board of Directors, and the investors in any of the above named companies were to be asked now if they think their dealings with Enron were worth the gain, the answer would surely be no.

Blockbuster Inc. is publicly traded and that should mean something. The equities market exists to build companies, provide jobs, provide goods and services, and provide financial gain for all that invest not just a select few. As the Directors audit committee, we do not have the ability to single handedly change the investors minds and instantly instill confidence in the US equities markets. However, we can play a large part in making sure Blockbuster Inc. remains a viable, ethical and profitable as long as investors choose to trust Blockbuster Inc. with their investment dollars. With that in mind, we have set out to outline our expectations of the roles, duties, and responsibilities of senior management and our outside auditors in relation to the certification of the company's financial condition and results of operations. In addition, we have outlined those same expectations when it comes to our roles as the directors audit committee.

Senior Management

Senior Management is responsible for taking ownership of projects as well as preparing briefings on business changes and providing guidance on risk management. These managers must set the pace for the overall business strategy. This should be implemented by initially describing the short term and long term direction of the business. Accordingly, Senior management must define the business vision, strategic themes and incorporate avenues for changes or enhancements to current programs and project contributions. Due to the fact that there will be changes in the business environment, Senior management must be prepared to monitor and update areas when necessary. They should anticipate future needs as well as current business requirements. In a recent speech by SEC Commissioner, Roel C. Campos he stated, "senior management should make it clear to employees through their words and conduct that ethics matter. Senior management should establish practices that acknowledge and commend acts of honesty and ethical behavior." (Campos pg.1) Senior management must be fair, honest and demonstrate to both employees and shareholders that an ethical culture is a privilege and not a sacrifice. In order for a business to truly be successful, senior management must be honest and trustworthy. There must be a constant focus on ensuring that there are adequate standards and procedures in place to meet goals. Senior managers should focus on, "advising the auditing department of all matters affecting the fulfillment of their responsibilities, including the distribution of new approved policies and procedures within the respective units." (McPhilimy pg. 1) By utilizing training and communication initiatives along with monitoring and auditing systems, Senior management will be able to maintain a better grasp of day to day operations.

Outside Auditors

The outside auditors role is to ensure that Blockbuster is operated more efficiently by ensuring that its public records are maintained accurately and taxes are paid properly and on time. The auditors are to perform these roles by offering an array of business and accounting services.

Their specific duties should vary widely among the four major fields of accounting. Public accounting will perform a board range of accounting, auditing, tax, and consulting activates. Management accounting will record and analyze the financial information of Blockbusters' ethical work. Government accounting will maintain and examine the records of government agencies and audit Blockbusters' activities that are subject to government regulations. They should also specialize in internal auditing this is to verify the accuracy of Blockbusters' records and check for mismanagement, waste, or fraud.

The duties and/or responsibilities of the outside auditors will be to annually inspect reports of Blockbuster. The auditors will have been empowered to investigate and discipline Blockbusters' accounting procedures. Some of the other responsibilities will include

· Offer advice in areas of compensation and employee healthcare benefits.

· Evaluate the design of the accounting and data processing systems.

· Review the controls to safeguard assets.

· Investigate and interpret bankruptcies and various complex financial transactions.

· Analyze and interpret the financial information for corporate executives need to make sound decisions.

· Prepare financial reports for stockholders, creditors, regulatory agencies, and tax authorities.

· Review Company operations- evaluating their efficiency wants compliance with corporate policies and procedures.

Qualifications for outside auditor's personnel

· Auditors are required to test compliance with securities laws and regulations related to accurate records to describe and significant defects in issuer's of inter control and any material noncompliance of which the auditor should know based on the audit testing.

· The lead auditor and concurring auditors for the audit team should be replaced every three years.

· The current Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Controller Chief Accounting Officer can not have pervious work history with the audit firm, or any other affiliation with Blockbuster.

The outsider auditors are to retain work papers of audits for at least seven years in sufficient detail to support the conclusion of all audit findings. All in all the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) requires every publicly held company to issue an annual financial statement and the outside auditors are to ensure the Board of Directors the report is filed.

Directors Audit Committee

Shareholders rely on the audit committee to embrace the new rules and provide independent and effective supervision of the financial reporting process. What is also important are the expectations the audit committee places on other players in the financial reporting process. This committee is largely expected to provide advice and counsel to the staff and especially to the senior management team. The primary objective of this committee is to assist the board in fulfilling its responsibilities in respect of the accounting and reporting policies, in addition to providing an unbiased and detailed scrutiny of all financial reports to be reported to the Board of Directors.

This audit committee expects help from senior management team in understanding the key elements of the company's internal controls over the financials, yet we will also seek outside independent advice in the review and interpretations of those controls and their effectiveness. Since we are the overall guardians of the financial integrity for Blockbuster Video shareholders, we will request that appropriate financial capital is allocated to the company's financial reporting process. We also expect this committee and the senior management team should have unlimited access to one another. An open and candid dialogue is very imperative in order for each party to meet the other's expectations.

Conclusion

As noted above in regards to the Enron scandal, it was a collaborative effort that caused the collapse of the corporation and subsequent loss of jobs, money, and businesses by many whom had no control. What we have outlined above is a collaborate effort to ensure that that does not happen at Blockbuster. The individual profit motive and pressure to meet analyst expectations is a healthy motivator in all publicly traded organization, yet this same motivator can cause people to make bad decisions as well. We must utilize an effective and evolving system of checks and balances to make sure that special interests and individual motives are kept in check. Our plan above outlines the roles and responsibilities as they relate to certifying our financial condition and operations results. It is our entire ongoing obligation to the shareholders to always look to improve the systems that are designed to protect and preserve Blockbuster Inc. as a long term thriving and growing asset.

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Marie Forsa (Maria Lynn) was the greatest erotic actress. She was a cute little blonde Swedish thing, slender and pert, but with subtle dark rings under her eyes that give her a vaguely doomed look she looked for all the world like Helen Slaters little sister. She was not an accomplished dramatic actress, but for simulating sex (or simulating emotion during real sex) she was peerless.

Forsa starred in many XXX films, yet there is (almost) no hardcore footage of her anywhere, which has led to much controversy and misinformation about her career, so lets get to the bottom of it.

Forsas career closely followed that of Christina Lindberg, who was Swedens reigning nudie queen during Forsas early career. Lindberg didnt go all the way in any of her films, and doing hardcore sex would have been a career killer it still is. Always leave em wanting more. Sex film fanciers are faced with a paradoxthey always want more, but are more entertained when given less. The most precious commodity in adult film is the sense that you are seeing something special or precious.

Forsas contract with the producer of most of her films stipulated that she was NEVER to have sex on camera, or have any clear genital shots. Her public image was limited to about what was shown in Playboy magazine in the mid-170s. Was this prudery or clever career management? Either way, it worked brilliantly. Forsa was the top-billed star in numerous XXX films and yet there isnt a single really explicit shot of her having sex, or even a genital close-up.

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Or is there?

Forsa was an unusually uninhibited young woman, and there is no doubt at all that she often engaged in real sex on camera. Though her contract stipulated that she do only softcore work, the real concern was her public image, not her personal virtue. In fact, she seems to have done something very rareshe had sexual intercourse with her co-stars on camera that she knew would just be cut out of the final film, because she wanted to have sex with them... even in front of an entire film crew, or perhaps because she was in front of an entire film crew.

She did hardcore acting that was trimmed down to softcore, and frequently then edited back up to hardcore using inserts of other womens bodies. Why would directors work with an actress who exerted such remarkable control over her image, since everyone else in those films simply does whatever is asked of them? Because she was that good.

What mattered (to her career) was the final edit, not what she did on the set. Since she was frequently working hard, Joe Sarno and Mac Ahlberg clearly had some footage in the can that included well lit genital close-ups and hardcore sex (given the way movies are made as a technical process, there is no way around that statement) which could never be released. Thats not unusualimagine how much nude footage is shot of Hollywood actresses to come up with a few seconds of fleeting nudity in the finished film. The most be hours of unused takes of Jennifer Connelly from Mullholland Falls, for instance, but that footage will probably never be released in any form, despite being highly marketable.

The use of inserts of hardcore footage of other actresses makes it all confusing, since Ahlberg and Sarno employed very clever tricks. There are hardcore fellatio scenes in FLOSSIE that are supposed to be Forsa, but are actually a stand-in, where the girls entire face is shown. And it works.

The definition of hardcore has always been a moving target, so what did it mean in Sweden in the 170s? And what did it mean to Forsa? There are lots of stray snippets of film involving Forsa that are hardcore by contemporary American standards. No matter what her contract said, the film is always the best evidence of the film.

So here is our opinion of what Forsa did and didnt do.

BUTTERFLIES Perhaps the hottest sex scene ever filmed -- the bedroom scene with Eric Edwards towards the beginning of BUTTERFLIES, is actual Forsa hardcore. There was an XXX edit of BUTTERFLIES, but the original softcore edit isnt softcore; merely tasteful hardcore. Marie Forsa did NOT do any of the added close-up inserts in BUTERFLIES XXX, but everything in the original BUTTERFLIES is her. These comments are about the Seduction Cinema original edit that we currently carry. In the Eric Edwards scene there are many clear hardcore shots of she and Edwards having sex -- tasteful and subtle, but still undeniably Forsa and undeniably hardcore. So whats up with that? The evidence is so plain that the only reason anyone would even consider that they arent just flat-out doing it is that the original release of BUTTERFLIES is supposed to be softcore. Perhaps we can shed some light... here is what Eric Edwards had to say

My first European movie was for Joe Sarno. In Butterflies I starred with Harry Reems and Maria Forsa. I found it a great joy to be flown to Europe, put up in a hotel and get paid to have sex also. Those were soft core films though I couldnt help myself with Maria. I did it hard anyway. Maria and I had a fling. It was wonderful. She was just my style. Whenever Id go back to Europe, we couldnt help ourselves. We screwed everywhere - out in the bushes, in the Jacuzzi, anywhere we could, even in dangerous places where you could get caught such as in a public pool where people could walk in any time. Wed do it five or six times a day. Those were my good ol days.

This helps clear things up, and the state of affairs was as we deduced -- she was an uninhibited woman who had sex on camera, but pretended she didnt for career reasons. Every shot of her having intercourse suggests a possible way the shot could be faked, even though the were NOT faked. During the Watergate scandals, this was called plausible deniability. The more you look at her films, the more amazing the charade becomes. There is never a single frame of film that shows her face, and shows an undeniable hardcore element. Forsas latter sex scenes with Harry Reems in BUTTERFLIES are also hardcore, and also full of plausible deniability.

Edwards comments also explain why that scene in BUTTERFLIES is so incredibly erotic. Keep in mind, soft core has had a thousand different definitions over time and geography. BUTTERFLIES is a hardcore film by American definitions, but was a soft core film by the regional definition Sarno was working with in 175 Sweden. It is so rare for an actress to have an unfeigned sexual response on film... how ironic that one of those few instances may be in a soft core film!

BEL AMI Forsa was the female lead in this lovely XXX movie, but doesnt have the most screen time. She was a star! Harry Reems has sex with the entire cast, and its all hardcore except the scenes with Forsa. We are confident that she and Reems were really having sex in BEL AMI, though. They seem to be, and she had intercourse with Reems filming BUTTERFLIES, so why not in BEL AMI?

MOLLY Ms. Forsas tongue is on another womans labia during one of the lesbian scenes. No way around that. In 170s Europe reticent Sapphic oralism probably wasnt considered a big deal. Hiding the penis has always been the biggest distinction, with many surprisingly anatomically explicit scenes of girls (like in some German sex comedies) that dont even show one second of even a flacid penis.

FLOSSIE The body doubling in Flossie is the most audacious in cinematic history. In the fellatio close-ups in the first sex scene, you see the girls entire face at times, and how could that be fake? Well, it is! Notice the shape of where the mouth meets the cheek... now, towards the beginning of the first decadent orgy scene, there is a shot of a girl reclining on her right side (her head to the left of the frame), and that is her mouth. No doubt. So Ahlberg had the bravado to cut in FACIAL close-ups of a porn extra that looked a little like Forsa.

The girl-girl masturbation scene poses a problem the hand doing the close-up masturbating seems to be Forsas hand, so is that her blonde vulva? Tough to say, since the same distinctive vulva seems to show up in a hard-core close-up later in that film. So if the masturbation close-up is real, then Forsa did her own XXX insert work for FLOSSIE. Did she? Probably not, but it is a damn good match for her build and coloration... The vagina double for Forsa in Flossie was probably the girl in the blind-folded boyfriend scene that the guy eventually has intercourse with. Again, a girl that looks a lot like Forsa, and not the same girl as the fellatio double.

But maybe Forsa did some of her own vulval close-ups in FLOSSIE... the plausible deniability is in full effect. During the masturbation scene there is no shot that shows Forsas face, and any vulval detail at the same time, and the close-ups are obviously inserts. But are they her? We used to be certain they were not, but now we can only say its probably not, because of...

IMMORAL TALES Walerian Borowczyks IMMORAL TALES may be the best narrowly erotic film of them all, and its fitting that Forsa has a cameo. During the Countess Bathory story Forsa appears (un-credited) for a few seconds as one of a mob of 0 girls attacking the Countess. The countesses pearl necklace is ripped off. Forsa puts some of the pearls in her mouth. She spits the pearls into her left hand, takes one large pearl with her right hand, and presses it against her private parts in close-up. Since she is little more than an extra, theres no compelling reason to use a body double, and its impossible to imagine Borowczyk wasting his time with games like that... he considered himself an artist, not a pornographer.

Still, theres always room for paranoia in any Forsa scene. Is it really her? In IMMORAL TALES, it sure is. Though the sequence is divided into three shots, you see her spit the pearl into her hand, and the pinkie on her right hand has a tiny mark or mole below the second knuckle, and its the same hand as in the following close-up. (DVD to the rescue) So since we know there is a genital close-up in IMMORAL TALES, is it the same vulva as in the FLOSSIE masturbation scene?

Like we said... 50-50. The hand looks right, and theres no visual evidence that it isnt. It could be. Its awfully close. If FLOSSIE is ever released on DVD, it should be possible to say for sure.

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Imagine a women suffering with ALS (Lou Gehrig's Disease); a disease that robs a person of voluntary muscle control. ALS does not affect the mind, so the women would be fully aware of her physical inabilities. The disease would eventually prevent her from moving, talking, eating, and breathing without assistance. The disease would be progressive, unremitting, and merciless. (Robert Horn, "Assisted Suicide". 188) Shouldn't this woman be given the right to choose whether to go on with life or end it with dignity? The legalization of assisted suicide would give her the right to choose.

Assisted suicide is when someone (usually a doctor, relative, or close friend) provides the means to take his or her own life; the life-ending act under that person's guidance. (Webster's Dictionary) Assisted suicide has occurred for thousands of years. The ancient Greeks practiced assisted suicide as a way to preserve one's honor. Greeks and Romans believed that a good death was as important as a good life. However, for the past twenty-five years this practice has been viewed as a response to the progress of modern medicine. (Assisted Suicide, 6)

Since the beginning of the nineteenth century medical advancements, such as antibiotics and vaccines, have pro-longed life and eliminated deadly diseases. Until the twentieth century, many people had large families in the prospect that most of their children would die young. However, today we expect our children to live long past their childhood, into their seventies and eighties. (Walker, 6) Our ancestors would be astonished by the advancements in medicine and improved medical conditions. Hospitals are able to reproduce and replace almost all vital organs. We now have the technology to cheat death and live longer. (Walker, 8) However, these methods also lengthen the dying process and force patients to live in unnecessary pain. As people's lives become longer, so do the chances of developing diseases such as cancer, which may result in long, agonizing, and costly illnesses. "We have become victims of the health care system that our cultural values have created. The dying process has been transformed into a series of wrenching choices….Out of the apparently needless suffering of countless people has grown a strong movement towards patients' rights and natural death that is, death with minimum of medical intervention." (Paula Hendrick, in context magazine)

Assisted suicide is a method to end suffering and to die with dignity. The advances in technology allow people to live unnaturally, why shouldn't people have the right to die unnaturally too. (Walker, 7) Although pro-life supporters argue the legalization of assisted suicide would lead to doctor-patient abuse and will undermine the morals of society; assisted suicide is a civil and constitutional right and every terminally ill individual deserves the right to choose life or death.

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Individuals opposed to assisted suicide believe humans have no right to terminate their own lives. Christians deem that God gave them the gift of life and it's not theirs to dispose of. (Walker, 8) "Life is sacred because it is created by God for purpose, and that purpose comes to an end when you die." It's not for you to choose the moment at which you die." (Malcolm Muggeridge, "A Right to Die", 8) Christians see suicide as self-murder and a Mortal sin. They believe ending your own life is taking away God's purpose. However, aren't the machines and medicines that pro-long life also abolishing God's purpose? Moreover, not every individual practices the Christian religion and beliefs. Religion cannot be used as an argument against assisted suicide. The government has separated church from state.

Certain doctors and nurses believe performing assisted suicide breaks the Hippocratic oath. "I swear….that I will prescribe treatment to the best of my ability and judgment for the good of the sick, and never for a harmful or illicit purpose. I will give no poisonous drug, even if asked to nor make any such suggestion." (Hippocratic Oath) The Hippocratic oath doesn't address a patient living on machines or breathing through tubes. The oath was created before diseases such as Cancer and Aids. How can someone use the Hippocratic oath as an argument against assisted suicide, when the oath doesn't even address true suffering? As a patient is dying, how should a doctor act to guarantee the patient's best welfare? Should the doctor ignore the patient and force them to live through the pain and suffering or listen the patients plea and help them end their life?

Although several individuals agree doctors should be allowed to help end their patient's life, they assume if a doctor is given this right they may abuse his or her power. The slippery slope theory argues if assisted suicide is permitted, involuntary euthanasia will also become accepted. Involuntary euthanasia is taking someone's life without his or her permission. The anti-euthanasia lobby claims a change in the law would result in the annihilation of people who are considered too old or disabled. (Walker, 1) Protestors assume, once a doctor is provided authorization to end some ones life they will also shorten the lives of people who want to live longer. This argument is presuming doctors have no morals and control over their actions. Although there might be a minimal risk, it is up to the individual to choose whether the risk is worth taking. Moreover, if we didn't allow risk, there would be no medical treatments or technology. And if assisted suicide became legal in the United States proper laws would be created to prevent this from occurring.

Assisted suicide is legal in a few areas, which include the Netherlands, provinces in Australia, and Oregon. The Netherlands, rather than creating specific laws on assisted suicide, created a strict procedure doctors must follow. The guidelines demand that two doctors diagnose unbearable physical or mental pain and with a determinedly expressed longing to die. (Walker, 0) A doctor who fails to follow these guidelines will be fined thousands of dollars, put in jail, and his or her license will be revoked. This system of "checks and balances" prevents doctors from abusing the legalization of assisted suicide.

Although assisted suicide is illegal, Doctor Kevorkian helped relieve countless patients of insurmountable pain and suffering through assisted suicide. Doctor Kevorkian broke the law, but it was in the pursuit of justice, sought to challenge the morality of the government. His trial is similar to the "trial of the century", which prevented a biology teacher to teach Darwinism. (Andrew, "Problem of Death") The anti-evolutionists do not allow a man to choose how to think and the anti-euthanasia followers do not allow a man to choose how to live.

The freedoms of America are being abused, when an individual is not given the right to choose death. Living in a free country, we believe a man's life belongs to himself. But, if a man were suffering from an incurable disease, his life would no longer belong to him. The state would force him to live with unnecessary pain and give him no choice, but to live. The Declaration of Independence states an individual has the right to his own "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." This right entails freedom to choose whether your life is no longer worth living. "Just as freedom of speech includes the right to remain silent and the right to practice religion includes the right to be an atheist-so the right to live includes the right to decide to die. Freedom means the freedom to choose." (Andrew Bernstein, "Problems of Death", 56) As Americans we have the right to choose, no matter if we choose life or death.

Many people support-assisted suicide because it's comforting to know they have a choice to end their life if the suffering becomes too great. They fear losing control of not only their bodies but also what would happen to them in the medical system. Although many individuals would not opt for assisted suicide, they should have the choice. We have the right to deny unwanted medical treatment, but we don't have the right to die peacefully. Physicians are permitted to assist their terminally ill patients by disconnecting their life supporters or by prescribing medical treatments to ease their starvation. Yet, a doctor is prohibited to help a patient achieve a quick death, free of pain and agony.

Assisted suicide is a basic liberty. By denying a terminally ill person aid in dying we are forcing the individual to bear a limited, agonizing life that he or she has clearly rejected. We have taken control away from the individual and eliminated independence. Doctor Kevorkian believes assisted suicide is "the very essence of human autonomy, something that goes way beyond so-called right" (Assisted Suicide, 80) Without control of life and death we have no basic freedoms. Assisted suicide is a free right, whether you agree with it are not, every terminally ill individual deserves the privilege

The 14th amendment supports the right to assisted suicide. The fourteenth amendment says no one can be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. Judge Stephen Reinhardt wrote, "liberty interest in choosing the time and manner of one's own death. Being able to make this decision freely is essential to personal dignity and independence. " In the case of Roe vs. Wade abortion became legal. The courts agreed it was a private matter and the state should not interfere. (Yount, 4) The decision to ask a doctor to ends one life is equally as private as abortion. Assisted suicide is a private matter in which the state should not interfere.

Assisted suicide is the ultimate civil right; the right to die with dignity, in your own time and on your own terms. Denying death with dignity eliminates one's control over their life, yet individuals work their entire life to gain that power. A person's life belongs to them; they choose how they live and how they die. The legalization of assisted suicide would allow individuals to control their destiny and achieve the ultimate freedom.

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The history of wind power shows a general evolution from the use of simple devices driven by drag forces to heavy material to efficient aerodynamic lift devices. Aerodynamic lift isn't a modern concept. The earliest known use of wind power was the sailboat. Ancient sailors understood lift although they didn't understand the physics to explain how it worked.

Early windmills were used for tasks like grain grinding and water-pumping. The earliest known design was the vertical axis system developed in Persia in about 500 AD. The first known documented design is also of a Persian windmill. It had vertical sails made of bundles of reeds, which were attached to the central vertical shaft by horizontal struts.

Grain grinding was the first documented windmill application. A grinding stone was attached to the same vertical shaft. The machinery was commonly enclosed in a building which featured a wall to block incoming wind. This prevented wind from slowing the drag-type rotor.

Vertical axis windmills were also used in China. The belief that the windmill was invented in China more than two thousand years ago is widespread. The earliest documentation of a Chinese windmill was in 11 AD. The primary applications were grain grinding and water pumping.

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The first windmills to appear in Western Europe were of the horizontal-axis system. The reason for the sudden evolution from the vertical-axis design is unknown. European water wheels served as the technological model for early windmills. These mills used wooden cog and ring gears to turn the grindstone. This gear was adapted for use on post mills from the horizontal-axis water wheel.

As early as 10 the Dutch set out to refine the tower mill design. It had first appeared in the Mediterranean. The Dutch fixed the standard post mill to the top of a multi story tower. The tower had separate floors devoted to grain grinding, removing chaff, storing grain and living quarters. Living quarters were for the wind-smith so he had a place to live. Both the post mill and tower mill design was oriented into the wind manually, by pushing a large lever at the back of the mill. The wind-smith's jobs were protecting the mill from damage by furling the rotor sails during storms.

A primary improvement of the European mills was their designer's use of sails that generated aerodynamic lift. This feature provided better rotor efficiency compared with Persian mills by allowing an increase in rotor speed. This allowed superior grain grinding and pumping action.

The process of perfecting the windmill sail in efficiency took 500 years. By the time the process was completed, windmill sails had all the major features recognized by modern designers as being crucial to performance. Windmills had camber along the leading edge. They also had a nonlinear twist of the blade from root to tip. Some models also featured aerodynamic brakes, flap and spoilers.

These mills were the "electrical motor" of pre-industrial Europe. Applications were diverse, ranging from the common water-well, irrigation or drainage pumping using a scoop wheel. They were also used for grain grinding, saw milling of timber and processing of other commodities such as spices, cocoa, paints and dyes. Tobacco was also another commodity.

While continuing well into the 1th century, the use of large tower mills declined with the increased use of the steam engine. The next spurt of wind power development occurred many thousands of miles to the west.

For hundreds of years the most important application of windmills at the subsistence level has been mechanical water pumping. Small systems with rotor diameters of one to several meters were used for this. These systems were perfected in the United States during the 1th century. The Halladay windmill in 1854 was the first then the Aermotor and Dempster designs. All are still in use today.

The first windmills had four paddle-like wooden blades. They were followed by mill with thin wooden slats nailed to wooden rims. Most of these mills had tails to direct them into the wind. Some were weather-vaning mills that operated downwind of the tower. Hinging sections of blades so that they would fold back like an umbrella in high winds provided speed control of some models. This action reduced the rotor capture area to reduce thrust. The most important refinement of the American fan-type windmill was the development of steel blades in 1870. Steel blades could be made lighter and worked into more efficient shapes. They worked so well that their high speed required a reduction gear to turn the standard reciprocal pumps at the required speed.

Between 1850 and 170, over six million mostly small mechanical output wind machines were used to pump water in the United States alone. Very large windmills with rotors up to eighteen meters in diameter were used to pump water for steam railroad trains that provided the primary source of commercial transportation in areas where there were no navigable rivers.

The first use of a large windmill to generate electricity was a system built in Cleveland, Ohio in 1888 by Charles F. Brush. The Brush machine was a post mill with a multiple bladed "picket-fence" rotor seventeen meters in diameter. It featured a large tail hinged to turn the rotor out of the wind. It was the first windmill to incorporate a step-up gearbox in order to turn a direct current generator.

Despite its relative success in operating for 0 years, the Brush windmill demonstrated the limitations of the low-speed, high-solidity rotor for electricity production applications. The twelve kilowatts produced by a modern lift-type rotor.

In 181, Dane Poul La Cour developed the first electrical output wind machine that displayed the aerodynamic design principles. It was used in European tower mills. The higher speed of the La Cour rotor made these mills practical for electricity generation. By the end of World War I the use of electrical output machines had spread throughout Denmark, but cheaper and larger fossil-fuel steam plants soon put operations of these mills out of business.

By 10 the two dominate rotor configurations had both been tried and found to be inadequate for generating large amounts of electricity. Further development of wind generator electrical systems in the United States was inspired by the design of airplane propellers and monoplane wings.

The first small electrical-output wind turbines simply used modified propeller to drive direct current generators. By the mid 10s wind generator's developed by companies like Parris Dunn and Jacobs Wind-electric found widespread use in the rural areas of the Midwestern Great Plains. These systems were installed at first to provide lighting for farms and to charge batteries used to power crystal radio sets. But their use was extended to an entire array of direct-current motor-driven appliances such as refrigerators, freezers, washing machines and power tools. But the more appliances were powered by the early wind generators, the more their operation became a problem.

The demise of these systems was hastened by during the late 10s and the 140s by two factors the demand of farmsteads forever-larger amounts of power, and the Great Depression. The Great Depression spurred the U.S. federal government to stimulate the depressed rural economics by extending the electrical grid throughout those areas.

While the market for a new small wind machine of any type had been largely eroded in the U.S. by 150, the use of mechanical and electrical system continued throughout Europe. It also continued in windy, arid climates such as those found in parts of Africa and Australia.

The development of bulk-power and utility-scale wind energy conversion systems was first created in Russia in 11. This machine operated for about two years on the shore of the Caspian Sea. Experimental wind plants in the United States, Denmark, France, Germany and Great Britain during this period of 15-170 showed that large-scale wind turbines could work but failed to result in a practical large electrical wind turbine.

The largest was the 1.-megawatt Smith-Puttnam machine, which was installed in Vermont in 141. This horizontal axis design featured a two bladed, 175-ft. diameter rotor with a 16-ton stainless steel rotor. In 145, after only several hundred hours of operation, one of the blades broke off near the hub. This was a cause of metal fatigue.

European developments continued after World War II when temporary shortages of fossil fuels led to higher energy costs. As in the U.S. the primary application for these systems was interconnection to the electric power grid. In Denmark the Gedser Mill wind turbine operated successfully until the early 160s when declining fossil-fuel prices once again made wind energy uncompetitive with steam-powered generating plants. This machine featured a three-bladed upwind rotor with fixed pitch blades that used windmill technology with an airframe support structure. The design was much less complex than the Smith-Puttnam design.

In Germany, Professor Ulrich Hutler developed a series of advanced, horizontal-axis designs of airfoil-type fiberglass and plastic blades with variable pitch to provide lightweight and high efficiencies. This design approach sought to reduce bearing and structural failures. A unique feature that was used was the use of a bearing at the rotor hub that allowed the rotor to teeter in response to wind gusts. Hutter's advanced designs achieved over four thousand hours of operation before the experiments were ended in 168.

Post war activity in Denmark and Germany largely dictated the two major horizontal-axis design approaches of wind turbine development in the early 170s. This refined the simple, fixed pitch, Gedser Mill design by utilizing advanced materials. The engineering innovations of the lightweight and higher efficient German machines such as a teeter hub, which were used later by U.S. designers.

G.J.M. Darrieus began the development of modern vertical-axis rotors in France in the 170s. Of the several rotors Darrieus designed, the most important one is a rotor comprising slender. Major development work on this concept did not begin until the concept was reinvented in the late 180s by two Canadian researchers.

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