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Memory is used to store both programs and data instructions. Program instructions are coded data which tell the computer to do something, represented by the binary code (1's and 0's). Data is simply information to be used by the program, i.e. two numbers to be added together. A central processing unit (CPU) gets instructions and/or data from memory, decodes the instructions, and performs a sequence of programmed tasks. We need something to decode the memory and determine what represents instructions and what represents data; this is the CPU's purpose. The CPU acts as the brain of the computer. It can not think on its own though, it can only perform tasks programmed on the computer.
First the computer must fetch the instructions from the memory. Then it has to decode the instruction. Finally it performs the indicated operations. These tasks can be performed by using input and output devices. Example of input devices are Keyboards, Mouses, and Software. An example of an output device is a printer.
A Central Processing Unit has a Control Unit, Arithmetic Logic Unit, and Registers. The control unit decodes the programmed instructions, has a program counter which contains the location of the next instruction to be executed, and has a status register which monitors the execution of instructions and keeps track of overflows, carries, borrows, etc. A Reduced Instruction Set Machine or RISC, executes a simple set of instructions very fast. A Complex Instruction Set or CISC has a powerful set of instructions which allows many complex operations to be represented as a single instruction.
The Arithmetic Logic Unit carries out the instructions decoded by the control unit. Older microprocessors had special registers called accumulators which had to be used for math calculations. Modern microprocessors such as the 68000 have general-purpose registers and do not have accumulators.
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There are two types of ways you can store memory, ROM and RAM. ROM or Read Only Memory is non-volatile, meaning all bits can be read, but no bits can be changed; does not erase when the computer is turned off. RAM or Random Access Memory is volatile, which means all bits can be read and or written; usually erases when your computer is turned off.
Computers use the binary number system to store data. The binary code is a two number system. The reason computers use the base- system is because it makes it a lot easier to implement them with current electronic technology. You could wire up and build computers that operate in base-10, but they would be fiendishly expensive right now. On the other hand, base- computers are relatively cheap. So computers use binary numbers, and therefore use binary digits in place of decimal digits. The word bit is a shortening of the words Binary digit. Whereas decimal digits have 10 possible values ranging from 0 to , bits have only two possible values 0 and 1. 8 bits equal one byte.
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