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Childhood obesity levels are increasing at disturbing rates in Australia and many other countries. Childhood and adolescent obesity occurs when a child has too much body fat. Obesity is usually caused by eating too much and not getting enough exercise whatever the genetic background. It is almost always blamed on the child's genes but genes are responsible for 5 to 40 percent of all cases of obesity. The rest is chiefly influenced by environmental factors. The Body mass index (BMI) can determine if a child is obese
Growth charts, such as weight-for-age and weight-for-height, are most commonly used to find out if children are overweight or obese. The BMI can be calculated by dividing a child or adolescents weight (kilograms) by their height (m). The suggested international cut-off points for when a child is considered obese are
years and over - 0.0 for boys and 1.81 for girls
5 years - 1.0 for boys and 1.17 for girls
Cheap University Papers on Obesity in Children Living within Australia
10 years - 4.00 for boys and 4.11 for girls
15 years - 8.0 for boys and .11 for girls
18 years and over - 0 for both males and females.
Overweight or obese children are most likely to remain obese as adolescents than slimmer children. Adolescence appears to be a particularly sensitive period for the development of obesity. About 80 per cent of obese adolescents will become obese adults. This is why we need to target the problem while they are young.
Potential problems for obese children include; Respiratory disorders such as upper airway obstruction and chest wall restriction, along with worsening of asthma; Cardiomyopathy; Pancreatitis; and Orthopaedic (bone) disorders. These that I have mentioned are more of a problem to the severely obese and are not common. Although The increasing problem of asthma is definitely an exception.
In adolescents, obesity can multiply cardiovascular risks, abnormal glucose tolerance (leading to diabetes), hypertension, and cholesterol abnormalities.
The most immediate consequences of being overweight during childhood and adolescence are psychosocial. Obese children have low self-esteem due to teasing and name calling from other children of a healthier weight. Due to this it has been found that obese children are more likely to
Not do very well in school,
Have poor job prospects, and
Be socially isolated.
Obesity is usually caused by
Overeating - many obese children overeat, mainly from boredom and depression. The food they eat tends to be high in dietary fat. Most of this fat is stored in the body rather than being used for energy because they aren't active. Weight gain will occur if excess energy is consumed as fat, protein or carbohydrate.
Binge eating - some overweight people eat normally and healthily most of the time but binge eat now and then. This means that they eat a lot of food in a very short period of time.
Low activity levels - children are much less active these days. This is probably because of the number of hours they spend watching television, playing on the computer and other electronic-based sedentary activities. Children who watch more than 10 hours of television a week are more likely to be overweight. Many reports have found that most young people aged seven and above were inactive and that girls were even less active than boys. This needs to be cut down, and more outdoor sports and leisure needs to be encouraged.
Many social factors such as low income, and a low level of education have also been linked to obesity. Binge eating is common in people who are dealing with emotional stress. A prime example of binge eating due to emotional stress is the following case; You just get dumped by your boyfriend and you feel like the world is crumbling around you. What do you do? What else except reach for the spoon and the huge tub of chocky ice-cream in the freezer and eat till your hearts content (or at least till its empty and you have to go to the store and buy another).
So how are we going to manage the problem? Children with obesity should be given nutrition advice and most importantly encouraged to increase their activity levels. Some helpful things are the following
Nutritional advice - weight loss programs or diets are not effective amongst children. Instead, they should be given nutritional advice and they need help to change their behaviour patterns towards food. However, this is not effective unless combined with exercise. Restricting food intake, in particular fat, is not suggested for young children as they need it because it is an important part in their growth. Snacking often makes up half of a childs energy intake, it may delay or prevent extreme hunger and possible binge eating. The important thing is to make sure that snacks are not always junk foods.
Increased activity - children should be encouraged to choose physical activities over inactive activities. Low intensity exercise such as walking is good but vigorous activity is desirable and should be encouraged where possible. Strengthening exercises can regulate and enhance the bodys metabolism by building muscle.
Prevention - seminars and educational activities provided by teachers can improve childrens and parents knowledge about obesity and how it can be prevented.
Parents play an important role in preventing childhood obesity as they are important food providers and role models. They should provide healthy meals and snacks, encourage regular exercise, and keep junk foods as a special and occasional treat to add excitement and variety. Restricting the amount of time that children spend in front of the television and the Internet can also help. Remember to keep them happy and maintain a healthy yet fun and array of exciting things to do and eat during their weightless, We just have to remember to keep everything balanced, after all they are kids and a little fun every now and then doesn't hurt.
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