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As the 1800s came to a close there was a radical change in the ways in which Americans conducted their lives. No longer were peoples lives based around farms in small rural neighborhoods. Instead people moved into the cities, and factories started sprouting up in every major urban area. However, the industrialization of America also brought with it problems which hurt many Americans. The people most hurt by these new problems called themselves the Progressives. This new political group tried to recapture America by attacking a number of political issues. These issues differed in almost every facet, however the Progressives felt that America needed a complete modernization in its way of thinking. The progressive movement burst onto the stage of American politics.
One of the issues which the Progressives felt most strongly about was the Temperance Movement. Temperance is the term commonly applied to organized efforts to moderate or eliminate the use of alcoholic beverages. Temperance organizations did this in a number of ways, including making pledges to never drink alcohol again, publishing anti-alcohol pamphlets, articles, books, speeches, and making powerful sermons. In order to achieve their aims, most temperance organizations have also, at one time or another, advocated the enactment of legislation prohibiting both the sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages. From the turn of the century, until the early twenties, organizations made the issue of prohibition a national issue. Prohibitionists, like the Anti-Saloon League, achieved their goals because of their group tactics, their social makeup and composition, and the relative success of the Progressive movement as an entity. The prohibitionists seized on many tactics in order to have alcohol banned. It is important to see what these tactics were, where they came from, and how the prohibitionists were able to get the American public to buy into them.
In order to get their point across prohibitionists needed to prove the inherent evils which were presented by the consumption of alcohol. Groups like the American Medical Association, along with other members of the educated public, joined forces in order to fight the evils which alcohol presented. These people, along with businessmen, tried to explain how alcohol violated the theories of proper social life. Other groups tried to show how alcohol would ruin the American way of life. As some groups pointed out , women were demeaned by the consumption of alcohol, and alcohol threatened to destroy the family structure. Religion also played a big role in the push for temperance. Prohibitionists tried to show how God looked down on the consumption of alcohol. These people claimed to be working for the common good of mankind. Many people, however were more concerned with political gain, than with the pursuit of public morality. The Liquor Lobby was one of the strongest lobbying groups of its time. These people worked hard to try and influence legislation. One of the reasons they were able to have such an effect was because of their superior organizational skills. They were able to bring an important message to the people with virtual ease. They portrayed non-prohibitionists as evil people who did not deserve many rights, and they tried to remove saloon domination in matters of legislation.
Most historians agree that women were the major force behind the temperance movement. The reason for this was because they were afraid of the abuse, disease, and poverty which was brought on by alcohol. Women were looking to preserve the purity of the American family, and therefore were very involved in influencing legislation. In fact, the Womens Christian Temperance Union was the largest such movement in the country. Along with the women, religious groups were very involved in the Temperance movement. The Church fought many immoral activities, which included the consumption of alcohol. Businessmen were also very involved in the Temperance movement, and even represented up to forty percent of the entire movement. These wealthy businessmen were afraid of alcohols effect on the workforce.
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As history has shown the Temperance movement was a total disaster. Bootleggers brought alcohol over from Canada, and many people became quite proficient in developing home made brews. However, it was a process which helped shape America. For the first time women became very active in influencing legislation and the democratic process, and the Progressives proved that they were able to unite, on a national level, to get major legislation passed.
One such major legislation that came about later as a result of the Temperance Movement was the 18th Amendment, or Prohibition. Although another amendment was later passed repealing Prohibition, the 18th Amendment eliminated the buying, selling, and making of alcohol at that time. Although most alcoholism was found in the cities, three fifths of those in favor of Prohibition were from more rural areas. In fact, this has lead many to believe that the majority of Prohibitionists were actually the social elite, who wished to become societys guardians in order to achieve self-gratifying goals.
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